Moderne demokratische Gesellschaft: Erziehung und Bildung für Toleranz

Tolerancija ima pozitivnu ulogu u procesu razvoja demokratskog društva, a bitnu ulogu u razvoju tolerancije ima odgojno-obrazovni sustav, kao podsustav demokratskog društvenog sustava. Tolerancija omogućuje sveprisutnu različitost, esencijalnu vrijednost za razvoj individualnosti i općeg dobra. Bez tolerancije nikad ne bismo mogli spoznati svu raznovrsnost iskustva, misli, osjećaja i djelovanja pojedinaca i socijalnih grupa. S jedne strane – tolerancija omogućuje uspostavljanje dobrog demokratskog društva, dok s druge – demokratsko društvo treba, do određenih granica, koristiti toleranciju kako bi očuvalo stabilnost. Odgoj i obrazovanje za toleranciju podrazumijeva logiku po kojoj će pojedinci nesmetano živjeti i djelovati jedni pored drugih, uvažavati se, poštovati i razumijevati, a ne logiku po kojoj će oni biti jedni protiv drugih, gdje je na djelu neuvažavanje, nepoštovanje i nerazumijevanje. Svaki demokratski sustav, koji dobro funkcionira, trebao bi imati ovu logiku ugrađenu u pravni sustav, jer se na taj način garantira nesmetan suživot pojedinaca i skupina. Dakle, tolerancijom se prihvaćaju razlike i bogati život.Tolerance plays an important role in the process of development of democratic society. As a subsystem of social system education has crucial role. Tolerance integrates all differences which is precondition for development of individuals and wellbeing of society as a whole. Tolerance in turn helps us to understand different experiences, thoughts, feelings and actions of individuals and social groups. Tolerance is needed for establishing democratic society and should de used for preservation of social stability. Tolerance means individuals live together in coexistence. They cherish respect for each other and understanding instead of disrespect and intolerance. Such logics should be consistent part of every democratic functional system, par of legal system to guarantee undisputed coexistence of individuals and groups. Finally, tolerance helps people to accept differences and live and enjoy lifeDie Toleranz spielt eine positive Rolle im Prozess der Entwicklung einer demokratischen Gesellschaft und das Bildungssystem, als ein Untersystem des demokratischen Sozialsystems, hat eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entwicklung der Toleranz. Die Toleranz ermöglicht allgegenwärtige Vielfalt, einen essenziellen Wert für die Entwicklung der Individualität und des Allgemeinwohls. Ohne Toleranz könnten wir nie die Verschiedenartigkeit der Erfahrungen, Gedanken, Gefühle und Tätigkeiten der Einzelnen und der Sozialgruppen erfahren. Einerseits ermöglicht die Toleranz die Einrichtung einer demokratischen Gesellschaft und andererseits sollte eine demokratische Gesellschaft die Toleranz bis zu bestimmten Grenzen anwenden, um Stabilität zu bewahren. Unter Erziehung und Bildung für Toleranz versteht man die Logik, wonach die Einzelnen ungestört nebeneinander leben und wirken können, sowie sich gegenseitig respektieren und verstehen und nicht die Logik, wonach sie gegeneinander sind, wo es keinen Respekt und kein Verständnis gibt. Jedes gut funktionierende demokratische System sollte diese Logik in sein Rechssystem einbetten, da auf diese Weise ein ungestörtes Zusammenleben der Einzelnen und der Gruppen garantiert wird. Daher werden durch Toleranz Unterschiede und ein reiches Leben garantiert

Proizvodnja i potrebe za predosnovnim sadnim materijalom krompira u Republici Srbiji i Republici Srpskoj

Pre-basic seed potato material is used for basic seed (elite) and certified seed potato production. At this moment all basic seed material is imported into Republic of Serbia and Republic of Srpska, despite the fact that the method of in vitro tissue culture production of virus-free seed potato has been developed in both countries and there is a continuous demand for pre-basic and basic seed potato. Current total production is significantly lower than actual requirements. In the 80s and 90s of the previous century two modern facilities for production of virus-free seed potato and certified seed were built in Sokolac (Republic of Srpska) and Guča (Republic of Serbia). Although facilities were well-equipped, seed potato production was permanently ceased in 2000. The presence of high infection pressure dominated by potato virus Y is shown in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Srpska. This paper gives an overview of pre-basic seed potato material production in both countries over the last two decades.Predosnovni sadni materijal su zdrave krtole koje služe za proizvodnju osnovnog sadnog materijala krompira (elita), a na bazi toga i certifikovanog sadnog materijala krompira. Iako u Republici Srbiji i Republici Srpskoj postoje stalne potrebe za pred-osnovnim i osnovnim semenskim krompirom, kao i dva centra za njegovu proizvodnju, osnovni sadni materijal (elita) se uvozi iz Holandije i drugih zemalja zapadne Evrope. Potrebe za pred-osnovnim odnosno osnovnim sadnim materijalom (elita) su znatno veće nego što je trenutna potrošnja. Osamdesetih i devedesetih godina prošlog veka osnovana su dva savremena centra u Sokolcu (Republika Srpska) i u Guči (Republika Srbija) sa ciljem proizvodnje pred-osnovnog semenskog krompira, odnosno elite i certifikovanog sadnog materijala. Iako su oba centra bila dobro opremljena, proizvodnja bezvirusnog krompira je trajno obustavljena. U radu je dat pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja o proizvodnji pred-osnovnog sadnog materijala krompira, uz pokušaj pronalaženja odgovora na pitanje zašto je proizvodnja u ovim zemljama ugašena

Influence of organic pelleted fertilizers on the quality of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Seedlings

U radu su prikazani rezultati primene dva organska peletirana đubriva Chap Liquid i Biofert, u obliku granula i kao vodeni rastvor, na neke važnije karakteristike rasada ruzmarina. Značajno veću prosječnu visinu stabljike imale su biljke ruzmarina đubrene vodenim rastvorom Bioferta (33,57 cm), u odnosu na biljke na varijantama sa primjenom vodenog rastvora Chap Liquid-a i neđubrenoj varijanti (27,27 i 27,37 cm). Najveća masa nadzemnog dijela biljke zabeležena je, takođe na varijanti đubrenoj sa rastvorom Bioferta (32,53 g), dok je najmanja izmjerena na neđubrenoj varijanti (14,10 g). Značajan uticaj na povećanje prosječne mase nadzemnog dijela rasada ruzmarina ispoljila je i varijanta đubrenja sa Chap Liquid rastvorom (22,22 g). Značajno veća masa korijena utvrđena je na varijantama sa primjenom vodenog rastvora Chap Liquid-a i Bioferta, kao i Chap Liquid granula (41,70, 39,53 i 38,73 g), u odnosu na masu korjenovog sistema biljaka ruzmarina gajenig na neđubrenoj varijanti (31,27 g).The paper presents the results of the application of two organic pelleted fertilizers Chap Liquid and Biofert, in granular form and as an aqueous solution, to more important characteristics of rosemary breeds. Significantly higher average stem height had plants of rosemary fertilized with Biofert aqueous solution (33.57 cm), compared to plants on variants with the application of aqueous solution Chap Liquid and non-fertilized variants (27.27 and 27.37 cm, respectively). The largest mass of the above-ground part of the plant was recorded also on the variant with Biofert (32.53 g), while the smallest was measured on the non-fertilized variant (14.10 g). A significant influence on the increase of the above-ground mass showed a variant of fertilization with Chap Liquid solution (22.22 g). A significantly higher root mass was determined on variants with the application of the aqueous solution of Chap Liquid and Biofert, as well as Chap Liquid pellets (41.70, 39.53 and 38.73 g, respectively), relative to the root mass of rosemary plants on nonfertilized variants (31.27 g)

Uticaj porekla sadnog materijala krompira na morfološke osobine semenske krtole

The effects of the origin of planting material on the mophological characteristics of seed tubers of the Kondor potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L.) were investigated within a two-year study (2009-2010). The production conditions of potato planting material at lower altitudes (700 m.a.s.l.) contributed to producing seed tubers of greater physiological age, resulting consequently in a significantly lower average length of sprouts per tuber 1.38 mm, or 13.49 % less, in comparison with the length of sprouts per tuber determined in tubers originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. Using the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 700 m.a.s.l. as a planting material (which forms a larger number of sprouts per tuber), a higher number of primary stems per plant could be expected, which would be beneficial to seed production (a greater number of small tubers). Provided the Kondor potato cultivar originating from 1300 m.a.s.l. is used as a planting material (which forms a smaller number of sprouts per tuber and potentially a smaller number of stems per plant), the seed tubers should be used in early potato production and for commercial purposes (a small number of large tubers).Dvogodišnja ispitivanja uticaja porekla sadnog materijala krompira (Solanum tuberosum L), na morfološke osobine semenske krtole sorte Kondor, izvedena su tokom 2009. i 2010. godine. Priprema sadnog materijala paralelnom proizvodnjom semenskog krompira izvedena je tokom 2009. i 2010. godine na dva lokaliteta različite nadmorske visine: Kotraž-Jelica 700 m nv. i Sjenica-Pešter 1300 m nv. Uslovi proizvodnje sadnog materijala krtola poreklom sa niže nadmorske visine (700 m nv.) doprineli su da semenske krtole budu veće fiziološke starosti i da kao posledica toga obrazuju vrlo značajno manju dužinu klica po krtoli, za 1,38 mm, ili za 13,49% manju, u odnosu na dužinu klica po krtoli utvrđenu na krtolama poreklom sa 1300 m nv. Sadni materijal poreklom sa manje nadmorske visine 700 m nv. je u obe godine istraživanja obrazovao značajno veći broj listova po krtoli, u odnosu na prosečan broj listova po krtoli ustanovljen kod krtola poreklom sa veće nadmorske visine 1300 m nv. Upotrebom sadnog materijala sorte Kondor poreklom sa 700 m nv. koji obrazuje veći broj klica po krtoli, i samim tim može se očekivati i veći broj primarnih stabala po biljci, što bi odgovaralo u semenskoj proizvodnji (veći broj sitnih krtola). Ukoliko se koristi sadni materijal sorte Kondor poreklom sa 1300 m nv. koji formira manji broj klica po krtoli i potencijalno obrazuje manji broj glavnih stabala po biljci, treba upotrebiti u ranoj proizvodnji krompira i za merkantilnu proizvodnju (mali broj krupnh krtola)

Uticaj načina đubrenja na masu krtola, broj krtola i prinos krompira

This paper presents results of the two-year study of the effects of the application of different fertilization methods on the yield and other parameters of potato productivity under agro-ecological conditions in the vicinity of Nikšić. The highest tuber yield was measured in variants with the application of mineral fertilizer (NPK 12:12:24 and 8:16:24 NPK + CAN, 30.8 and 30.1 t ha-1, respectively) and the lowest yields were determined in the treatments when microbial fertilizers (enteroplantin BA-804) were applied and in the control variant (15 and 13.5 t ha-1, respectively). Tuber yields in the variants with the application of water-soluble fertilizers were at the level of the standard (NPK 15:15:15 + CAN), which indicates that the high potato yield can be achieved by using of new systems of nutrition, as well as, with lower rates of fertilizers.U radu su prikazani rezultati dvogodišnjih proučavanja uticaja različitih načina đubrenja na prinos i druge parametre produktivnosti krompira u agroekološkim uslovima okoline Nikšića. Najviši prinos krtola izmjeren je u varijantama sa primjenom mineralnog đubriva (NPK 12:12:24 i NPK 8:16:24 + KAN) - 30,8, odnosno 30,1 t ha-1, a najniži na tretmanu sa primjenom mikrobiološkog đubriva - enteroplantin BA-804 (Klebsiella planticola) i u kontroli - 15 i 13,5 t ha-1. Prinosi krtola u varijantama sa primjenom vodorastvorljivog mineralnog đubriva (NPK 13:11:20 + 2MgO + mikroelementi) bili su na nivou standarda (NPK 15:15:15 + KAN) što ukazuje da se visoki prinosi krompira mogu postići, kako primjenom novih sistema ishrane, tako i upotrebom manjih količina mineralnih hraniva

Nutritional properties of Macedonian landraces of small grain cereals as a source of new genetic variability

Taking into account the better agro-ecological adaptations developed over time to climate changed conditions, cereal local populations (landraces) represent a valuable plant genetic resources with their perspective reflected in the creation of better quality commercial cereal genotypes. The objectives of this research were to explore: i) the genetic variability of nutritional properties of Macedonian landraces of small grain cereals-wheat, barley, oat, and rye; ii) associations among nutritional properties; iii) strength and weakness of landraces based on nutritional properties profiles. Collecting missions were carried out in 2013 year in different locations of rural areas at the territory of Republic of Macedonia. Ten sub-samples of 100 g seeds were extracted from each of regenerated landrace in order to obtain a well-balanced analytical sample. All samples were analysed for moisture content - MOI (%), protein content - PC (%), fat content - FC (%), crude fibre content CF (%), wet gluten content - WG (%), and dry gluten content - DG (%). In regard to assessed nutritional properties the most perspective landraces proved to be: Okalesta bela (CF of (x) over bar = 2.62%) of bread wheat; Zimski (WG of (x) over bar= 9.24%), Dabilski nizok (DG of (x) over bar = 4.2%) and Ednoreden (CF of (x) over bar = 5.18%) of barley; Sopski (PC of (x) over bar= 14.62%), Gabarski (FC of (x) over bar = 6.46%) and Sekulicki (CF of (x) over bar = 9.89%) of oat; Calakliski (PC of (x) over bar = 14.43%, CF of (x) over bar = 8.16%), Koselski (FC of (x) over bar= 4.19%), and Gabarski (DG of (x) over bar = 3.14%) of rye. The positive associations among nutritional properties of Macedonian landraces of small grain cereals were: all examined nutritional properties except PC and CF in bread wheat landraces; PC, WG, DG, MOI as one cluster, and FC and CF as another cluster in barley landraces; all examined nutritional properties except MOI and CF in oat landraces; PC, CF, FC as one cluster and DG and MOI as another cluster in rye landraces. The Macedonian landraces of small grain cereals proved to be new sources of genetic variability of nutritional properties which can be used in breeding, because they outperformed commercial check cultivar landraces with statistical significance (P lt 0.05) for: MOI (4 landraces) and CF (4 landraces) for bread wheat; WG (Zimski), DG (3 landraces), CF (7 landraces) for barley; CF (5 landraces) for oat; DG (1 landrace), MOI (4 landraces), FC (4 landraces in rye)

Uticaj endotelina i L-NAME na koncentraciju mokraćne kiseline i uree u plazmi kod Wistar pacova

Effects of endothelins, which include vasoconstriction and vasodilatation are possible by different molecular mechanisms. Endothelins induce increased synthesis of nitric oxide which in turn inhibits the synthesis of endothelin. Changes in biochemical parameters connected with the increased and decreased synthesis of nitric oxide are not thoroughly examined yet. In a series of experiments we compared the effects of endothelin (ET-1) on the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), as well as the effects of L-nitro arginin metal estar (L-NAME) on plasma urea and uric acid concentration. Experiments were performed on anesthetized female adult Wistar rats. The experimental groups received an i. v. bolus of ET-1, L-NAME or saline. All parameters, heamodynamic and biochemical, were measured before the animals were sacrificed. L-NAME increased the mean arterial pressure, decreased renal blood flow and increased vascular resistance in carotid and renal arteries and increased in plasma uric acid and urea concentrations. ET- 1 significantly decreased uric acid concentration in the plasma but did not effect plasma urea concentration compared to the control group. These differences show complex relations of nitric oxide with cellular signalization compared to the basic NO-cGMP pathway.Efekti endotelina koji uključuju vazokonstrikciju I vazodilataciju ostvaruju se različitim molekularnim mehanizmima. Endotelin indukuje povećanu sintezu azotnog oksida za koji se smatra da povratno inhibira sintezu endotelina. Promene biohemijskih parametara vezanih za povećanu i smanjenu sintezu NO nisu dovoljno proučene. U ovom radu su upoređeni efekti endotelina (ET-1) i inhibitora NOS-a, L-NAME na koncentraciju mokraćne kiseline i uree u plazmi. Eksperimenti su izvedeni na anesteziranim odraslim NW pacovima, ženskog pola. Eksperimentalne životinje su u i.v. bolusu primale ET-1, L-NAME ili fiziološki rastvor. Svi hemodinamski i biohemijski parametri su mereni pre žrtvovanja. L-NAME dovodi do povećanja srednjeg arterijskog pritiska smanjenja renalnog protoka i povećanja vaskularnog otpora u karotidnoj i renalnoj arteriji i povećanja koncentracije mokraćne kiseline i uree u plazmi. ET-1 značajno smanjuje koncentraciju mokraćne kiseline u plazmi ali ne utiče na koncentraciju uree u odnosu na kontrolu. Ove razlike pokazuju kompleksnije relacije NO-a sa ćelijskom signalizacijom u odnosu na osnovni NO-cGMP put

Effects of high dose olive leaf extract on the hemodynamic and oxidative stress parameters in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats

The antihypertensive activity of olive leaf extract (OLE), a natural antioxidant is recognized, but its influence on the cardiovascular system when administered in a high dose has not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the acute effects of excessive intake of standardized OLE on blood pressure, heart rate and oxidative status in both spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive Wistar rats. The systolic arterial pressure and heart rate were measured using a tail-cuff and pneumatic pulse detector before and 60 and 120 min after intragastric OLE administration. The activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase in erythrocytes, as well as lipid peroxidation in plasma (pTBARS) were measured spectrophotometrically at the same time points. A high-dose of OLE did not influence blood pressure, heart rate or pTBARS in normotensive rats, while the SOD, catalase and glutathione reductase activities were significantly increased. The same dose significantly decreased blood pressure in hypertensive rats, but increased the pTBARS and SOD activity. Excessive oral intake of OLE induced moderate hypotensive effects only in spontaneously hypertensive rats, suggesting the absence of harmful hemodynamic effects after an oral overdose in both rat strains. However, its pro-oxidative role when given in a high dose in hypertensive organisms should not be neglected