Усвојување на втор јазик – Педагошка граматика

Одличното познавање на граматиката на јазикот претставува огромна предност. Наставникот кој поучува јазик треба на индивидуален начин своето знаење да им го пренесе на учениците. Сепак, овој процес, во голема мера, е под влијание на различни пристапи во наставата. Oд одлуката на нaставникот за изборот на соодветните пристапи во поучувањето на граматиката, зависи и подобрувањето или влошувањето на образовната практика при изучување на јазик. Овој труд укажува за правилните решенија во поучувањето на граматичките структури од наставникот и во нивното изучување од учениците изразени преку педагошката граматика. Сознанијата за важноста на употребата на граматичките структури, преку кои се реализира наставата по Англиски јазик во учебниците, послужија како мотив за трудот. Предизвиците што ги наметнуваат окружувањето, новите вредности и верувања, како и неопходноста за осовременување на образовниот процес, што треба да се спроведе преку имплементирање на нови квалитетни идеи, зависат од начинот на кој треба да биде реализиран часот. Употребата на граматичките структури во учебниците по Англиски јазик и нивната соодветна вредност во тековната настава во образовниот систем, според образовната програма и образовната рамка за училиштата, може само позитивно да влијае во изучувањето на Англискиот јазик. Клучни зборови: Англиски јазик, образование, граматички структури, педагошка граматик

The Relationship of Culture and Language

Although researchers still try to find and prove the theory explaining the relationship between the language and culture, it is unquestionable that such a relationship exists – whether in a strong claim such as Whorf’s or in a weaker one suggesting that the language is just being influenced by the culture. This relationship is visible in many areas of a language used to describe some concepts or social relations. Keywords— culture, words, language, relationship

Teachers' techniques and steps in assessing

Traditionally, language has been defined as a tool for communication. But people can also communicate a message using body language, eye contact or some facial expression. Although this is true, still language is primarily regarded as the core of communication. Learning and understanding a language does not include only knowledge of grammar, lexis and phonology, but also certain features and characteristics of the culture. Language cannot and does not exist apart from culture. If language is taught without simultaneously teaching the culture in which it functions, meaningless symbols are taught or just symbols to which the learner attaches the wrong meaning. Keywords: techniques, assessment, knowledge, language, teacher

Gender in Sociolinguistics

Before discussing how language, gender, and sexuality are dealt with in sociolinguistics, we need to define the terms gender, sex category, and sexuality to discuss how these concepts are involved in the study of sociolinguistics. Sex categories are based on the biological distinction – not always completely clear – between ‘male’ and ‘female.’ There may also be additional culturally specific categories that define people who do not fall easily into these first two categories. Native American cultures have a tradition of what has been called ‘two spirit’ people (Jacobs et al. 1997), and in India there are hijras and kotis, which are different groups of people who exhibit physical and/or behavioral characteristics of both sex categories; in Indian society, they have a societal role and the linguistic means of constructing such a role in society (Hall 1997, 2005). The term transgender is often used in the United States to talk about people who are transitioning or have transitioned from one sex category to another, or have biological attributes of a sex category which does not match their gender (see below) or of both sexes; the term cisgender is used to talk about people whose sex category matches their gender. The term transgender may also be used for individuals with biological attributes of both sexes. Thus, while sex categories make references to biological characteristics, and are often perceived as binary and mutually exclusive, they are not entirely in synch with the reality of human diversity and some societies have more than two categories and may accept more fluid membership in sex categories

Syntactic and semantic roles of the subject and predicate in English

Syntax and semantic roles of the subject and predicate in English is a collection of research and knowledge created to support the topics studied as a part of the English Syntax. The following chapters Semantic roles of the subject in the English sentences and Semantic roles of the predicate in the English sentences are presented by the author at VII. International New York Academic research congress on Humanities and social sciences and VIII. International "Başkent" Congress on Humanities and Social Sciences. This book is an introduction to the English Syntax course and takes readers/students to a new level of language analysis. The objectives are as follows: To deepen readers’/students’ knowledge about syntactic structures in English language; To put syntax in connection with semantics and pragmatics; To enable readers/students to identify the semantic roles of the syntactic structures and their functions in relation to the context and their pragmatic functions; To orient readers/students towards linguistic research

Ethnography of communication - definitions, theory and literature

This paper examines the concept “Ethnography of Communication” and what it entails. It looks at the evolution of Еthnography of communication - An Introduction (3rd edition) written by Saville-Troike Muriel, the definitions and theories - as an academic discipline and a method of research. This book with its unique approach to the study of language, the discipline proves and establishes that a relationship exists between communication and culture and shows that the culture of a speech community may be perceived via language use in specific communicative acts and social settings. As a subdiscipline of Sociolinguistics, its approach to language study is totally different form linguistic theories/approach such as Structuralism and Transformational Grammar. Keywords: ethnography, communication, language, cultur

Quantitative research of English Nominal clauses

The paper presents and investigates the incidence of nominal clauses in spoken and written English. The focus is placed on the frequency of occurrence and the range of subordinators that introduce this type of subordinate clause. It applies comparative analysis to define differences in the use of nominal clauses within a small-size corpus comprising of texts that represent spoken and written English. The most common nominal clauses are interrogative clauses and (nominal) that-clauses. Nominal clauses are formed when an interrogative or nominal-that introduces a clause by serving as the subject of the clause or preceding the clause in order to serve a noun role in another structure. In short, Nominal Clauses can serve any nominal role: subject, direct object, subject complement, object of the preposition, object complement, indirect object, adjective complement, or appositive. A quantitative research method is used to determine the frequency of occurrence of nominal clauses and particular subordinators in the selected registers in English, namely conversation (interviews-IW) and fiction (FC). The purpose of the study is to find out potential differences in the employment of nominal clauses in different media of language production. Based on quantitative analysis of nominal clauses in the different texts of spoken and written discourse, the paper presents frequency counts and interprets them as indicative of the character of the discourse

Close Connection Between Words and Culture

Sociolinguistics may be defined as “the study of how language is used by different groups in society.” Of the same importance for this area of linguistics, however, is the focus on the language and the culture in which it is spoken, and the relationship between the two has been an area of interest for many researchers. The statement that such a connection exists is now of little doubt and the relationship may be manifested in many areas of social usage of the language. ey words: Culture, words, kinship, relationship, language

Active listening and their implications in the educational process

Communication, as one of the most complex and inevitable processes in people's daily lives, often brings with it a series of misunderstandings, whose factors are based on several aspects, but the most common are those related to insufficient listening, which results in misunderstandings of interlocutors. Many times in communication we have a feeling that the interlocutor is not "present" with the thoughts in the communication, ie a feeling that he does not listen to us at all. Analyzing these situations, we can conclude that in such cases the interlocutors do not listen to us actively, but only passively, which means they are physically and partially mentally present in the communication, but they think of something completely different and do not perceive the messages we send. The skill of "listening" means much more than just being able to "hear the message being sent." It involves understanding the message, the situations, but also the other people we communicate with. In that way, we help the interlocutors to see a certain problem more clearly, but at the same time to build a trusting relationship that helps the communication to get a positive and constructive flow. This means that by active listening we avoid all communication barriers and respect other people's opinions

Semantic roles of the predicate in the english sentences

We often take for granted the power of language. We use it for communication, expression, for understanding, but rarely do we pause to consider the semantic roles of the predicates in English sentences. In this paper, there is an exploration of what predicate-argument structures are and how they play a role in English sentences. The predicate is typically the structure that follows the subject. If the subject is an agent, causer, or instrument, the predicate will express the action carried out by that subject; if the subject is something that is being described, the predicate will provide the description; if the subject is a patient, the predicate will indicate what happened to the subject. For most speakers, the notion of a predicate that is separate from the subject is fairly intuitive. The English predicate must contain a verb; it can contain other structures - a direct object, an indirect object, various complement structures, and adverbs - but it must contain a verb. It will be also discussed how these structures can be used as a tool to better understand semantic roles within sentences, and how they affect our comprehension of language. By the end of this article, there is a greater understanding of what goes into forming a sentence and how each part contributes to its meaning