Regional characteristics of individual housing units in Serbia from the aspect of applied building technologies

Individual housing units in Serbia have been studied from the aspect of applied technical solutions. Analyzed data have been collected during a field research in accordance with the current administrative regional division, and they represent a basis for definition of regional typology of individual housing units. Characteristic types of objects of each region’s typology have been further analyzed. Upon these analyses regional characteristics of individual housing units regarding applied construction types, building technologies and materials have been defined and presented. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 36034: Investigation and Systematization of Serbian Housing in Context of Globalization and European Integration in the Framework of Quality and Living-Standard Improvement

Development for CO2 emissions reduction by the use of solar thermal collectors in the process of urban planning

Using RES is one of the most important characteristics of the sustainable and resilient development. Nowadays, need to minimize CO2 emissions is obligatory, especially in the sector of urban and architectural planning, since in Serbia approximately 50% of produced energy is spent in buildings. The CO2 emission, in urban structures, can and must be reduced at the different levels: building level, block, and city level. For the city of Kragujevac, based on urban parameters defined in General Urban Plan, typical urban block was chosen and typical building structure developed. Calculation were made, based on recommendations developed by the Ministry of mining and energy and Serbian regulations, for the energy needed for domestic hot water preparation. In this paper, the influences of architectural and urban parameters on the use of solar thermal collectors at the typical building and urban block level is investigated. Recommendations are prepared for principles of urban and architectural design in order to enable the use of collectors for domestic hot water preparation and in that way CO2 emission reduction. Developed methodology for the city of Kragujevac can be applied in defining design principles in whole the country and Balkans region, not only for the use of solar thermal collectors but also for the use of other RES

Possibilities for the use of geothermal energy in new residential buildings in Serbia, case study Urban Blocks in City of Kragujevac

Use of RES is an important element for achieving ambitious results for CO2 emission reduction in EU, emphasized and obligated by RES Directive, among other documents. In Serbia, as a candidate country and a signatory of Energy treaty, targets set by relevant documents reflect in benchmarks set by National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, setting the level of reduction of energy consumption until 2018 for 9%, with more ambitious projections up to 2030. This calls for extensive research of possibilities for the use of renewable energy in buildings, its potentials and possible restrictions. Since the Directive states that low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby, an investigation of possibilities for application of geothermal ground probes for a typical residential urban block in the city of Kragujevac is presented. This enables analysis of limitations imposed by legal and physical conditions: planning guidelines, type of ground, functional requests and infrastructural capacities. Typology of characteristic urban block layouts for residential buildings is generated, leading to projections of possible area covered with ground probes and calculations of relevant energy needed for heating, based on current regulations on energy efficiency in buildings. From these calculations, percentage of defined energy needs from possible geothermal ground probes is defined, enabling estimation of geothermal energy potential for new residential building blocks

Application of sunspaces in fostering energy efficiency and economical viability of residential buildings in Serbia

Residential building sector in Serbia has changed dramatically over the last two decades. Large scale projects have given way to individual, private initiative resulting in smaller interventions rarely exceeding one lot. For this reason architectural concepts, building types, scopes and construction technology have been marginalized and fallen under the influence of market mechanisms and stringent local planning procedures. New regulations on energy efficiency have risen the standards for thermal insulation therefore increasing the thickness of building enclosure. This actually means that construction costs are increased and net built area, therefore expected profit, reduced. In order to provide the viable ground for both implementation of new regulations and economic benefits for investors, authors of energy efficiency regulations in Serbia have noted a whole set of solar systems, among which sunspaces that would not count as a part of gross area, provided that they contribute to the increase of energy performance of the building. This paper describes the case of a typical residential new construction in Belgrade that has applied the prescribed solutions and became the first building that has obtained the building permit by applying a sunspace as an efficient strategy for energy saving.This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: Ignjatović, Dušan, Milica Jovanović Popović, and Jasna Kavran. 2015. ‘Application of Sunspaces in Fostering Energy Efficiency and Economical Viability of Residential Buildings in Serbia’. Energy and Buildings, Renewable Energy Sources and Healthy Buildings, 98 (July): 3–9. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.049

Energy refurbishment of public buildings in Serbia

By harmonizing national legislation to European codes concerning energy efficiency in building sector, Serbia took commitment to improve energy efficiency of national government buildings. Following the Directive 2012/27/EU principles, refurbishment of this part of building stock is recognized as a leading example in long-term process of applying energy efficiency regulations at national level. In this respect, both national and local authorities are expected to perform systematization and current state assessment of respected building stock, followed by a proposal for their energy refurbishment. Basic feature of this part of Serbian building stock is represented by the fact that almost all buildings (from one occupied by central government, through localscale administration buildings, to educational and medical care institutions) are made long before thermal-protection regulations were introduced. That indicates overall divergence from adopted codes and predefined standards in energy efficiency. On the other hand, these buildings are often founded of high architectural value and protected as building heritage, what significantly reduces possible options and energy refurbishment scenarios. Initial steps in implementation of adopted energy efficiency principles were made in Serbia during 2015, when in cooperation of German international cooperation organisation – GIZ and Faculty of Architecture from Belgrade, work has started on assessment and energy certification of public buildings. First energy certificates (energy passports) for public buildings in Serbia were issued, starting from three most valuable buildings of national authorities: Government building, The National Assembly, and The Palace of Serbia. At the same time, aiming to investigate their energy refurbishment potentials, technical brochures are prepared, showing possible, code-related, options for further energy improvement of buildings thermal envelope. This paper will present results obtained during energy-assessment and energy-certification process of this particular buildings, showing at the same time their specificity, that pretty much traces possible category and range of proposed energy refurbishment scenarios

Regional characteristics of individual housing units in Serbia from the aspect of applied building technologies

Individual housing units in Serbia have been studied from the aspect of applied technical solutions. Analyzed data have been collected during a field research in accordance with the current administrative regional division, and they represent a basis for definition of regional typology of individual housing units. Characteristic types of objects of each region’s typology have been further analyzed. Upon these analyses regional characteristics of individual housing units regarding applied construction types, building technologies and materials have been defined and presented

Energy refurbishment of public buildings under cultural heritage protection in Serbia Constraints and Potentials

By harmonizing national legislation to European codes concerning energy efficiency in building sector, Serbia took commitment to improve energy efficiency of national government buildings. Following the Directive 2012/27/EU principles, refurbishment of this part of building stock is recognized as a leading example in long-therm process of applying energy efficiency regulations at national level. Initial steps in implementation of adopted energy efficiency principles were made in Serbia during 2015, when first energy certificates for three most valuable buildings of national authorities (Government building, The National Assembly, and the Palace of Serbia) were issued. This paper will present results obtained during energy-assessment and energy-certification process of this particular buildings, showing at the same time their specificity, that pretty much traces possible category and range of proposed energy refurbishment scenarios

Attic extension and thermal renovation of the residential building: Case study

Buildings are the only resource growing constantly. Although relevant data for Serbia is not available, it is presumed that even more than 50% of energy production is spent on buildings in our country. This conclusion is based on two facts: the present industrial production and the state of buildings. In order to establish measures for energy efficient refurbishment, one residential building was analyzed in Belgrade. The chosen building represents the construction period when application of thermal insulation was not obligatory according to building regulation. As more than 35% of buildings were built in that period, they represent great potential for energy savings through the process of refurbishment

Efikasnost čišćenja kanala instrumentima sa recipročnim pokretima - studija SEM

Introduction/Objective The application of nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments in cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is a standard and a precondition for the success of endodontic treatment. The objective of this study was to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis in order to examine the efficiency of cleaning the apical third of the root canal system using two different NiTi systems with reciprocating movements. Methods The study included 20 single-rooted teeth (premolars) divided into two groups. In group 1, the canal preparation was realized with a single file UNICONE with reciprocating movements (MEDIN, Inc., Nové Město na Moravě, Czech Republic), and in group 2, with a RECIPROC BLUE instrument with reciprocating movements (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany). The same quantities of 2% NaOCl solution and 17% EDTA solution were used as irrigation solutions. The samples prepared for SEM analysis of the smear layer in the apical third were evaluated on a scale of 1-5 and at a magnification of 1,000×. Results SEM analysis pointed to mostly clean canal walls in the apical segment in both tested groups. Slightly cleaner walls were observed after the application of the UNICONE file (78%) compared to the samples of the second group, where the instrumentation was realized by the RECIPROC BLUE file (76%), but without statistically significant differences. Conclusion Single-file reciprocating systems do not remove the smear layer completely, but provide efficient cleaning of the apical region of the canal.Uvod/Cilj Primena instrumenata od legure nikl-titanijum (NiTi) u čišćenju i oblikovanju kanala je standard i preduslov za uspeh endodontskog tretmana. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se analizom skenirajućim elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM) proveri efikasnost čišćenja apikalne trećine kanala primenom dva različita NiTi sistema sa recipročnim pokretima. Metode U istraživanje je uključeno 20 jednokorenih zuba (pretkutnjaka) podeljenih u dve grupe. Preparacija kanala u prvoj grupi je realizovana jednom turpijom sa recipročnim pokretima UNICONE (MEDIN, Nove Mjesto u Moravskoj, Češka), a u drugoj instrumentom sa recipročnim pokretima RECIPROC BLUE (VDW Gmbh, Minhen, Nemačka). Kao rastvori za irigaciju korišćene su iste količine 2% rastvora NaOCl i 17% rastvor EDTA. Uzorci pripremljeni za analizu SEM razmaznog sloja u apikalnoj trećini su evoluirani prema skali 1-5 i na uveličanju od 1000×. Rezultati Analiza SEM je ukazala na uglavnom čiste zidove kanala u apeksnom segmentu u obe testirane grupe. Nešto čistiji zidovi uočeni su posle primene turpije UNICON (78%) u odnosu na uzorke druge grupe, gde je instrumentacija realizovana turpijom RECIPROC BLUE (76%), ali bez statistički značajnih razlika. Zaključak Recipročni sistemi sa jednom turpijom ne uklanjaju potpuno razmazni sloj, ali obezbeđuju efikasno čišćenje apikalne regije kanala

Influence of different approaches in development of local residential building typologies for estimation of building stock energy performance

Focus on structuring and evaluation of existing building stock, its characteristics and improvement potential represents the first step towards its refurbishment. After development of National residential building typology, further steps include its application for planning activities both on national and local level. As a result of adoption of recent regulatory acts in the field of energy efficiency improvement, local governments have an obligation in formulating Local Energy Action Plans (LEAPs) with estimations of savings potentials and related costs. These action plans need to address building stock energy efficiency, where residential buildings have a significant impact on the overall energy performance. In order to properly assess energy savings and investment costs the actual residential building stock characteristics and energy performance levels need to be investigated. Although National typology of residential buildings represents the basis for estimation of local building stock and formulation of local building typology, different approaches for its application on local level are possible. Two different approaches have been tested through a case study in municipality of Vršac: a topdown and a bottom-up method. Main characteristic of the top-down approach is that it mostly relies of data gathered for the purpose of National typology, while in the bottom-up method a local survey is conducted providing some new data which are then used in adjusting National typology to local conditions. While both methods result in a relevant local typology, their applicability and accuracy of final results depend on municipality characteristics. Results of energy performance calculations are derived and compared for both methods and application guidelines for both methods are defined, which will enable local authorities to properly address this issue in the process of preparation of local energy action plans and support decision making related to investment cost and generated savings