Bronhokonstrikcija i respiratorni simptomi uzrokovani tjelesnim opterećenjem u radnika izloženih čajnoj prašini

Assuming that airborne particles and pollutants are important contributing factors in the development of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), we performed a case-control study including 63 tea workers (36 men and 27 women, aged 36-55, duration of employment 3-30 years) and an equal number of office workers, matched by sex and age. Exercise-induced respiratory symptoms were recorded in a questionnaire. Skin prick tests, spirometry, as well as exercise and histamine challenge were carried out. Environmental measurements were performed on site during the work shifts. The prevalence of self-reported exercise-induced respiratory symptoms and EIB did not differ significantly between the exposed and control group (41.6 % vs 36.8 %, and 6.4 % vs 4.8 %, respectively). In both exposed and control workers, EIB was strongly linked to asthma (P<0.01). In the exposed workers it was significantly associated with positive family history of asthma (P<0.01) and positive family history of atopies (P<0.05), whereas in the exposed smokers it was significantly related to smoking duration (P<0.05). Bronchial reaction to exercise in the exposed smokers was significantly greater than in control smokers (P<0.05). Self-reported exercise-induced respiratory symptoms were weakly associated with EIB, with a large proportion of false positive and a low proportion of false negative results in both groups.Polazeći od pretpostavke da čestice nošene zrakom i onečišćivači bitno pridonose razvoju bronhokonstrikcije uzrokovane tjelesnim opterećenjem, ispitano je 63 radnika u tvornici čaja (36 muškaraca i 27 žena u dobi od 36 do 55 godina sa stažem od 3 do 30 godina) i 63 kontrolna ispitanika, administrativna službenika koji su izloženoj skupini odgovarali po spolu i dobi. Podaci o respiratornim simptomima uzrokovanim opterećenjem prikupljeni su s pomoću upitnika. Također su napravljeni skin-prick test, spirometrija te test tjelesnim opterećenjem i bronhoprovokativni test histaminom. Mjerenja u zraku radnoga okoliša napravljena su za trajanja smjene. Izloženi radnici nisu se statistički značajno razlikovali od kontrolne skupine u prevalenciji prijavljenih respiratornih simptoma odnosno bronhokonstrikcije uzrokovane opterećenjem (41,6 % naspram 36,8 %, odnosno 6,4 % naspram 4,8 %). U obje je skupine bronhokonstrikcija uzrokovana opterećenjem bila izrazito povezana s astmom (P<0,01). U izloženoj skupini, bronhokonstrikcija uzrokovana opterećenjem bila je statistički značajno povezana s pozitivnom obiteljskom anamnezom astme (P<0,01) i atopije (P<0,05). U izloženih pušača ona je značajno bila povezana s trajanjem pušenja (P<0,05). Bronhalne reakcije na opterećenje u izloženih pušača bile su značajno jače od onih u kontrolnih pušača (P<0,05). Zamijećena je slaba povezanost između prijavljenih respiratornih simptoma i bronhokonstrikcije uzrokovane opterećenjem, s velikim udjelom lažno pozitivnih i malim udjelom lažno negativnih nalaza u obje skupine

Utjecaj pasivnog pušenja na radnome mjestu na dišne simptome, funkciju pluća i bronhijalnu reaktivnost u uredskih spremačica-nepušačica

This cross-sectional study compares respiratory symptoms, lung function, and bronchial responsiveness between 27 office cleaning women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at work and 57 unexposed controls. The age range of both groups was 24 to 56 years, and none of the women had ever smoked. Information on respiratory symptoms, cleaning work history, and passive smoking in the workplace were obtained with a questionnaire. The subjects also took a skin prick test to common inhalant allergens, a lung function test, and a histamine challenge. Despite smoking restriction in indoor environments, we found a high prevalence of passive smokers in the workplace (32.1 %). In these subjects we found a significantly higher prevalence of wheezing with breathlessness (25.9 % vs. 8.8 %; P=0.036), wheezing without cold (25.9 % vs. 7.0 %; P=0.016), and breathlessness after effort (29.6 % vs. 8.8 %; P=0.014) than in control subjects. Objective measurements showed a significantly lower MEF25 (53.6 % vs. 63.7 %; P=0.001) and a significantly higher prevalence of borderline bronchial hyperresponsiveness (22.2 % vs. 7.0 %; P=0.044) in the passive smokers in the workplace. This study provides evidence of adverse respiratory effects in office cleaning women associated with passive smoking in the workplace. Our findings support a stricter implementation of the current national law to protect respiratory health of all workers.Provedeno je presječno istraživanje na skupini od 84 žene nepušačice u dobi od 24 do 56 godina s ciljem procjene učinaka pasivnog pušenja na radnome mjestu na dišne simptome, funkciju pluća i bronhijalnu reaktivnost. Podaci o dišnim simptomima, radnom stažu na poslovima spremačica ureda te o pasivnom pušenju na radnome mjestu prikupljeni su primjenom anketnog upitnika. Ispitanicama je zatim učinjen kožni pricktest (ubodni test) na najčešće inhalacijske alergene, mjerene su funkcije pluća te su provedena testiranja na histamin. Unatoč propisima o zabrani pušenja u zatvorenim prostorima, utvrdili smo veliku prevalenciju pasivnog pušenja na radnim mjestima (32,1 %). U tih smo ispitanica utvrdili i značajno veću prevalenciju piskanja u plućima i zadihanosti (25,9 % prema 8,8 %; P=0,036), piskanja u plućima bez prehlade (25,9 % prema 7,0 %; P=0,016) te gubitka daha nakon napora (29,6 % prema 8,8 %; P=0,014) u usporedbi s ispitanicama koje na radnim mjestima nisu bile izložene pasivnom pušenju. Mjerenja su pokazala i značajno nižu vrijednost maksimalnog ekspiracijskoga protoka pri 25 % forsiranoga vitalnog kapaciteta (MEF25) (53,6 % prema 63,7 %; P=0,001) te značajno višu pojavnost granične bronhijalne hiperreaktivnosti (22,2 % prema 7,0 %; P=0,044) u ispitanica koje su na radnim mjestima izložene pasivnom pušenju. Ovo je istraživanje dokazalo prisutnost štetnih učinaka na dišni sustav u ispitanica zaposlenih kao spremačice ureda koje su na svojim radnim mjestima bile izložene pasivnom pušenju. Dobiveni rezultati govore u prilog potrebi za oštrijom primjenom postojećih zakonskih propisa kako bi se zaštitilo zdravlje dišnog sustava u svih radnika

Profesionalna astma u autolakirera: opis dvaju slučajeva

This report describes two patients who had developed asthma after working as automobile painters with isocyanate-based aerosol paint for two years or over. In both patients asthma was confirmed using the standard diagnostic procedure. One of the subjects was atopic. One was ex-smoker and the other had never smoked. Neither had a family history of asthma. The symptoms occurred after workplace exposure lasting two years in one patient and three in the other. As both reported work-relatedness of the symptoms, they underwent serial peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurement and bronchoprovocation testing. Significant work-related changes in PEFR diurnal variations and in non-specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (NSBH) were observed in one patient, suggesting allergic occupational asthma (OA), while the other patient was diagnosed work-exacerbated asthma (WEA). Our data confirm that spray painting is an occupation with increased risk of respiratory impairment and asthma.U radu su opisana dva bolesnika koji su nakon rada s aerosolskom bojom na bazi izocijanata u autolakirerskoj radionici dobili astmu. U oba je slučaja dijagnoza potvr|ena standardnim postupkom. Jedan je bolesnik bio atopičan. Jedan je bivši pušač, a drugi nikad nije pušio. U obiteljskoj anamnezi nije bilo astme ni u jednog bolesnika. Simptomi su se javili nakon profesionalne izloženosti u trajanju od dvije odnosno tri godine. Budući da su oba bolesnika povezivala simptome s poslom, podvrgnuti su mjerenju vršnog ekspiratornog protoka (engl. peak expiratory flow rate, krat. PEFR) te nizu bronhoprovokacijskih testova. U jednoga su bolesnika zamijećene značajne profesionalne dnevne promjene u PEFR-u i nespecifične bronhalne hiperreaktivnosti, što upućuje na profesionalnu alergijsku astmu, dok je u drugoga ispitanika dijagnosticirano pogoršanje astme povezano s profesionalnom izloženosti. Naši podaci potvr|uju pretpostavku da posao autolakiranja sprejem nosi povećani rizik od respiratornih tegoba i astme

Occupational Health

Health at work and healthy work environments are among the most valuable assets of individuals, communities and countries. Nowadays, new broader approach is promoted, recognizing the fact that occupational health is a key, but not a unique element of workers’ health. Workers health is a public health approach to resolving the health problems of working populations including all determinants of health recognized as targets of risk management. It focuses on primary prevention of occupational and work-related diseases and injuries, protection and promotion of the health of workers. The major component of occupational safety and health system or infrastructure is occupational health service. The Basic Occupational Health Services (BOHS) are an essential service for protection of people's health at work, for promotion of health, well-being and work ability, as well as for prevention of ill-health and accident. BOHS should provide the services available to all workers, addressing to local needs and adapted to local conditions and existing resources. The development of occupational health system and policy requires strengthen governmental stewardship and ensure continuous political commitment to occupational health. OH policy should provide the development of legislation and standards in the field as well as effective mechanisms for financing of occupational health services. The expected results should be ensuring access to basic occupational health services for all workers with establishing essential requirements for service provision and providing the quality assurance systems for occupational health services

Štetni učinci anorganskog olova u metalurških radnika

This paper describes a retrospective cohort study comparing 60 workers occupationally exposed to inorganic lead and 60 matched controls. All subjects were assessed using data obtained from a specially designed Questionnaire for lead exposure and toxic effects assessment, physical examination, spirometry, ECG, and laboratory tests including blood lead level (BLL) and biomarkers of lead toxic effects. Muscle pain, droopiness, and work-related nasal symptoms were significantly more frequent in lead workers. The prevalence of lung symptoms was higher in lead workers than in controls, but not significantly (20 % vs. 6.6 %, respectively). Mean values of BLL and δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were significantly higher in lead workers. The activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in lead workers was significantly lower than in controls. Abnormal of BLL, ALAD, and ALA were more frequent in lead workers, with statistical difference for BLL and ALAD. Inverse correlation was found between BLL and ALAD, and positive correlation between BLL and age, years of employment, and years of exposure. Inverse correlation was found between ALAD and age, years of employment, years of exposure, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, and years of alcohol consumption. Changes in spirometry correlated inversely with BLL. A positive correlation was found between BLL and erythrocyte count and haemoglobin concentration, whereas it was inverse for ALAD and haemoglobin concentration. A significant difference was found for BLL and ALAD, with a very high odds ratio (14.64 and 7.23, respectively) and high relative risk (4.18 and 3.08, respectively). Our data have confirmed the association between occupational lead exposure and deviation in specific biological markers of lead effect and between the role of occupational exposure in the development of adverse effects.Napravljeno je retrospektivno ispitivanje koje je obuhvatilo 60 radnika profesionalno izloženih anorganskomu olovu te skupinu od 60 kontrolnih ispitanika. Ispitivanje se temeljilo na posebnome upitniku o izloženosti olovu i procjeni toksičnoga djelovanja, liječničkome pregledu, spirometriji, EKG-u te laboratorijskim pretragama za olovo u krvi i toksične učinke olova. Statistički značajno zastupljeniji simptomi zamijećeni u izloženih radnika bili su bol u mišićima i klonulost te teškoće s disanjem na nos povezane s poslom. Zastupljenost plućnih teškoća bila je nešto viša u radnika izloženih olovu, ali ne značajno (20 % naprema 6,6 %). Srednje razine olova i delta-aminolevulinske kiseline (d-ALA) u krvi bile su značajno više u izloženih radnika. Usto je i aktivnost enzima dehidrataze d-ALA (ALAD) bila značajno niža negoli u kontrolnih ispitanika. Učestaliji abnormalni nalazi olova, ALAD-a i d-ALA zamijećeni su u krvi radnika izloženih olovu, a statistička je značajnost zabilježena za olovo i ALAD. Inverzna je korelacija utvrđena između olova i ALAD-a u krvi, a pozitivna korelacija između olova u krvi i dobi, godina zaposlenja, godina izloženosti, krvnoga tlaka, konzumacije alkohola i godina konzumacije alkohola. Promjene u spirometrijskim parametrima inverzno su korelirale s olovom u krvi. Pozitivno su korelirali olovo u krvi i broj eritrocita te koncentracija hemoglobina, a inverzno ALAD i koncentracija hemoglobina. Značajne su razlike uočene za olovo u krvi odnosno ALAD s visokim omjerom izgleda (14.64 odnosno 7.23), a također za relativni rizik (4.18 odnosno 3.08). Naši podaci potvrđuju povezanost između profesionalne izloženosti olovu i abnormalnih nalaza specifičnih biopokazatelja djelovanja olova te upućuju na ulogu profesionalne izloženosti u nastanku štetnih učinaka

Occupational Health

Health at work and healthy work environments are among the most valuable assets of individuals, communities and countries. Nowadays, new broader approach is promoted, recognizing the fact that occupational health is a key, but not a unique element of workers’ health. Workers health is a public health approach to resolving the health problems of working populations including all determinants of health recognized as targets of risk management. It focuses on primary prevention of occupational and work-related diseases and injuries, protection and promotion of the health of workers. The major component of occupational safety and health system or infrastructure is occupational health service. The Basic Occupational Health Services (BOHS) are an essential service for protection of people's health at work, for promotion of health, well-being and work ability, as well as for prevention of ill-health and accident. BOHS should provide the services available to all workers, addressing to local needs and adapted to local conditions and existing resources. The development of occupational health system and policy requires strengthen governmental stewardship and ensure continuous political commitment to occupational health. OH policy should provide the development of legislation and standards in the field as well as effective mechanisms for financing of occupational health services. The expected results should be ensuring access to basic occupational health services for all workers with establishing essential requirements for service provision and providing the quality assurance systems for occupational health services

Okolišni i profesionalni rizici za zdravlje poljoprivrednih radnika koji žive blizu rafinerije nafte i autoceste nedaleko od Skopja

To assess health risks in agricultural workers associated with environmental exposure to pollutants released from a petroleum refi nery and from traffi c, we performed a cross-sectional study that included 119 randomly selected subjects divided in two groups. Group 1 included 60 agricultural workers living in a rural community near the petroleum refi nery and a motorway overpass, whereas Group 2 consisted of 59 agricultural workers performing similar activities and living in a rural community with no exposure to industrial and traffic pollutants. Risk assessment included a questionnaire, blood pressure measurement, spirometry, laboratory tests, and toxicological analysis. The groups showed a similar prevalence of health problems, with exception of muscle pain in the extremities, headache, and fatigue, which were signifi cantly more common in Group 1. Diastolic blood pressure was higher in Group 1, but not signifi cantly (p=0.057). The same is true for blood carbon monoxide. Signifi cantly higher in Group 1 were blood haemoglobin (p=0.001) and blood lead (p<0.001). Serum cholinesterase activity was similar in both groups. Our fi ndings indicate the need of regular medical exams, ambient monitoring and environmental impact assessment in agricultural population in order to detect individuals at risk and to institute adequate preventive measures.Cilj je ovoga presječnog ispitivanja bio ocijeniti zdravstveni rizik u 119 nasumce izabranih poljoprivrednih radnika povezan s izloženosti onečišćivačima čiji su izvori rafi nerija nafte odnosno promet. Prva skupina ispitanika obuhvatila je 60 poljoprivrednika s prebivalištem u Miladinovcima, u blizini rafinerije nafte i nadvožnjaka autoceste, dok je druga skupina obuhvatila 59 poljoprivrednika iz Creševa, koji su obavljali slične djelatnosti, ali nisu bili izloženi industrijskim i prometnim onečišćivačima. Ocjena rizika obuhvatila je odgovore na upitnik, krvni tlak, spirometriju te nalaze laboratorijskih i toksikoloških pretraga. Obje su skupine iskazale podjednaku prevalenciju zdravstvenih tegoba, a izuzetak je značajno veća učestalost boli u mišićima, glavobolje i umora u skupini iz Miladinovaca. Dijastolički krvni tlak i ugljikov monoksid u krvi također su bili viši u ovoj skupini, ali se nisu značajno razlikovali od skupine iz Creševa (p=0,057). Značajno više u skupini iz Miladinovaca bile su međutim razine hemoglobina (p=0,001) i olova u krvi (p<0.001). Aktivnost kolinesteraza u serumu bila je podjednaka u obje skupine. Naši rezultati upućuju na štetno djelovanje izloženosti onečišćivačima iz naftne rafi nerije i prometa u poljoprivrednika te na potrebu za redovitim liječničkim pregledima radi prepoznavanja ugroženih pojedinaca te za uvođenjem odgovarajućih preventivnih mjera

Bronhokonstrikcija uzrokovana tjelesnim opterećenjem u tekstilnih i poljoprivrednih radnika i pekara

To assess the prevalence and the characteristics of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in subjects occupationally exposed to organic dusts we performed a cross-sectional study including 152 exposed subjects (67 textile workers, 42 agricultural workers, and 43 bakers) and 72 unexposed controls. Evaluation of exposed and unexposed subjects included a questionnaire, skin prick tests to common inhalant allergens, spirometry, and exercise challenge tests (ECT). The EIB prevalence found in textile workers was 8.9 %, in agricultural workers 7.1 %, in bakers 6.9 %, and in office workers 5.5 %. The highest bronchial reaction to exercise was found in ECT-positive agricultural workers (26.1±6.9), followed by textile workers (25.2±7.4), bakers (23.0±5.8), and office workers (21.8±4.4). EIB was significantly associated with atopy and positive family history of asthma in all exposed groups. EIB was significantly associated with smoking duration in textile workers (P=0.039) and agricultural workers (P=0.027). Bronchial reaction to exercise was significantly greater in smoking than in non-smoking textile (P=0.045) and agricultural workers (P=0.032). Our data suggest that the combination of daily smoking and workplace exposure to certain types of organic dusts could contribute to EIB development and severity.Svrha je ovoga ispitivanja bila utvrditi prevalenciju i značajke bronhokonstrikcije uzrokovane tjelesnim opterećenjem (EIB) u ispitanika profesionalno izloženih organskoj prašini, a obuhvatilo je 152 izložena ispitanika (67 tekstilnih radnika, 42 poljoprivredna i 43 pekara) te 72 neizložena, kontrolna ispitanika. Procjena je obuhvatila upitnik, skin-prick testove na uobičajene inhalacijske alergene, spirometriju te testove tjelesnim opterećenjem (ECT). Prevalencija EIB-a u tekstilnih radnika bila je 8,9 %, u poljoprivrednih radnika 7,1 %, u pekara 6,9 %, a u uredskih radnika 5,5 %. Najžešće su bronhalnu reakciju iskazali ECTpozitivni poljoprivredni radnici (26,1±6,9) %, zatim tekstilni radnici (25,2±7,4) %, pekari (23,0±5,8) % i na kraju uredski radnici (21,8±4,4) %, ali razlike nisu bile statistički značajne. EIB je značajno povezan s atopijom i obiteljskom povijesti astme u svim izloženim skupinama radnika. Usto je EIB bio značajno povezan s trajanjem pušenja u tekstilnih (P=0,039) i poljoprivrednih radnika (P=0,027). Bronhalna reakcija na opterećenje bila je značajno veća u tekstilnih (P=0.045) i poljoprivrednih radnika (P=0.032) pušača u odnosu na nepušače. Naši podaci upućuju na to da svakodnevno pušenje može u kombinaciji s profesionalnom izloženosti određenim vrstama organskih prašina pridonijeti nastanku i stupnju bronhokonstrikcije uzrokovane tjelesnim opterećenjem

Pušenje među makedonskim radnicima pet godina nakon kampanje protiv pušenja

To assess the efficacy of a nationwide anti-smoking campaign, we compared the findings of a study on worker smoking performed in 2005 with our latest cross-sectional study completed in 2010. It included 753 randomly selected workers, of whom 126 office, 108 construction, 93 agricultural, 97 petroleum refinery, 114 textile, 117 food processing workers, and 98 cleaners. Information was collected with a selfadministered questionnaire. The prevalence of current smokers among all workers was 35.4 %, ranging from 30.2 % in office workers to 43.5 % in construction workers. It did not significantly differ from the prevalence recorded in 2005 (35.4 % vs. 36.8 %, respectively; P=0.441). Mean pack-years smoked among all smokers was 12.4±2.3, ranging from 10.9 in administrative workers to 13.7 in agricultural workers. We did not find any significant difference in the prevalence of current smokers between male and female workers and between workers aged less or more than 40 years, as well as between workers of higher and lower education. The prevalence of ex-smokers was 10.5 %, ranging from 8.4 % in construction workers to 12.1 % in administrative workers, whereas the prevalence of passive smokers was 29.1 %, ranging from 26.2 % in food processing workers to 32.9 % in agricultural workers. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of current and passive smokers has remained high regardless of the anti-smoking campaign and call for stricter implementation of anti-smoking regulations.Želeći utvrditi djelotvornost kampanje protiv pušenja u Makedoniji, usporedili smo rezultate istraživanja o pušenju u radničkoj populaciji provedenog 2005. s rezultatima našega najnovijega presječnoga randomiziranog ispitivanja koje je dovršeno 2010. Ispitivanje je obuhvatilo 753 radnika, od kojih je 126 uredskih, 108 građevinskih, 93 poljoprivrednih, 97 u rafineriji nafte, 114 tekstilnih, 117 prehrambenih te 98 čistač(ic)a. Podaci su prikupljeni s pomoću upitnika koji su ispunjavali ispitanici. Prevalencija aktivnih pušača među svim radnicima bila je 35,4 %, od 30,2 % u uredskih radnika do 43,5 % u građevinskih. Nije se značajno razlikovala od prevalencije zabilježene 2005. (35,4 % odnosno 36,8 %, P=0,441). Srednja vrijednost kutija/godina u pušača bila je 12,4±2,3, od 10,9 u uredskih do 13,7 u poljoprivrednih radnika. Značajnih razlika u aktivnome pušenju nije bilo među ženama i muškarcima, radnicima starijim i mlađima od 40 godina, niti među radnicima višeg i nižeg obrazovanja. Prevalencija bivših pušača bila je 10,5 %, od 8,4 % u građevinskih do 12,1 % u uredskih radnika, dok je prevalencija pasivnih pušača bila 29,1 %, od 26,2 % u radnika u preradi hrane do 32,9 % u poljoprivrednih radnika. Naši rezultati pokazuju da je prevalencija aktivnih i pasivnih pušača ostala visoka bez obzira na kampanju protiv pušenja te pozivaju na strožu provedbu propisa koji ograničavaju pušenje

Izloženost ambijentalnomu duhanskomu dimu na radnome mjestu u Makedoniji: kako sada stojimo?

To assess the prevalence and the level of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the workplace after the enactment of the law restricting indoor smoking in Macedonia, we performed a cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire study including 372 never-smoking workers recruited from six workplaces. We found a high prevalence of workers exposed to ETS in the workplace (27.4 %) with no significant difference between particular occupation groups. We found no significant difference in the prevalence of passive smokers in the workplace between this study and our study conducted before the law was enacted (31.5 % vs. 27.4 %, P=0.324). The prevalence of workers exposed to ETS for less than three hours a day was significantly lower than of passive smokers with longer exposure (28.4 % vs. 71.6 %, P=0.038). The prevalence of workers exposed to ETS from less than 10 cigarettes smoked by coworkers per day was lower than the prevalence of workers with higher exposure, but statistical significance was not reached (37.9 % vs. 62.1 %, P=0.087). Our findings indicate a high prevalence and a high level of exposure to ETS in the workplace, which calls for stricter adherence to smoking-free legislation or even the total ban of smoking in the workplace.Ovo je ispitivanje obuhvatilo 372 radnika na šest različitih radnih mjesta koji nikad nisu pušili kako bi se procijenila zastupljenost osoba izloženih duhanskomu dimu na radnome mjestu i razina njihove izloženosti nakon zakonskih ograničenja pušenja u zatvorenim prostorijama u Makedoniji. Ispitivanje je provedeno s pomoću upitnika koji su radnici ispunjavali sami. Utvrdili smo visoku zastupljenost radnika izloženih ambijentalnomu duhanskomu dimu na radnome mjestu (27,4 %) te nisu zamijećene statistički značajne razlike među zanimanjima. Nisu uočene značajne razlike između zastupljenosti pasivnih pušača na radnome mjestu u ovome ispitivanju i u našem ranijem ispitivanju, kada još nije na snagu stupio zakon o ograničenju pušenja (31,5 % naprema 27,4 %, P=0,324). Zastupljenost radnika izloženih ambijentalnomu duhanskomu dimu ne dulje od tri sata na dan bila je statistički značajno niža negoli onih čija je izloženost trajala duže (28,4 % naprema 71,6 %, P=0,038). Zastupljenost radnika koji su bili izloženi dimu kolega koji su pušili manje od 10 cigareta na dan bila je niža negoli onih s većom izloženosti, ali razlika nije bila statistički značajna (37,9 % naprema 62,1 %, P=0,087). Naši rezultati potvrđuju da i dalje postoje visoka zastupljenost izloženih radnika i visoke razine izloženosti ambijentalnomu duhanskomu dimu na radnome mjestu, što upućuje na potrebu uvođenja strožih zakona o zabrani pušenja