Schématisation et modélisation cartographiques en France : les pratiques scolaries en débat

Au cours des quinze dernières années, la géographie scolaire française a connu une évolution rapide, en partie liée à l'évolution de la géographie universitaire. Les pratiques scolaires s'appuyant sur des schémas d'organisation de l'espace sur des modèles graphiques ont connu un relatif succès avant d'être l'objet de vifs débats. La première partie éclaire, à l'aide du concept de discipline scolaire, l'histoire du développement de ces pratiques. La seconde partie apporte les conclusions provisoires du groupe de recherche qui, depuis 1996, s'est donné pour tâche de les décrire; l'angle d'étude de la transposition didactique, puis celui de la discipline scolaire sont successivement utilisés au service de cette description.Over the last fifteen years, the teaching of geography in French high schools has changed rapidly, partially linked to the evolution affecting geography at university. Approaches based on models representing the organisation of space or on graphic models have been rather popular before sparking off heated debates. The first part explains and highlights the history of the development of such approaches thanks to the concept of « school subject ». The second part gives the provisional conclusions of the research group which has had the task of describing those approaches since 1996; in order to achieve this description, two points of view are chosen in turn, that of didactic transposition and that of school subject

4-Chloro­benzoyl-meso-octa­methyl­calix[2]pyrrolidino[2]pyrrole: an acyl chloride derivative of a partially reduced calix[4] pyrrole

In the title compound, C35H47ClN4O, the two pyrrolidine rings have envelope conformations. The conformation of the macrocycle is stabilized by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and a C—H⋯N inter­action. The benzoyl ring is inclined to the adjacent pyrrole ring by 11.66 (11)°, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.7488 (13) Å. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into helical chains propagating in [010] and C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π interactions are also observed

2,2′-[(2S*,6R*)-Piperidine-2,6-di­yl]­di­pro­pan-2-ol

In the title compound, C11H23NO2, the piperidine ring has a chair conformation. The two hy­droxy H atoms are disordered over two positions with fixed occupancy ratios of 0.57:0.43 and 0.63:0.37. In the mol­ecule, there are two short N—H⋯O inter­actions. In the crystal, four symmetry-related mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a cage-like arrangement, centered about the point of inter­section of three twofold axes. These cages stack along the [100] direction

Nouvelle méthode statistique pour l'analyse de données de ChIP-chip

International audienceLa méthode de Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation on chip (ChIP on chip ou ChIP-chip) a pour but de détecter les sites de fixation des protéines (généralement des facteurs de transcription) sur la molécule d'ADN. L'analyse statistique des données consiste a rechercher des régions de pics significatifs synonymes de sites de fixation. La méthode que nous avons élaborée est issue de la théorie des valeurs extrêmes et particulièrement de la méthode POT (Peaks Over Threshold). Cette méthode consiste à modéliser les données de queues de distribution, en ne retenant que les valeurs dépassant un certain seuil, elle a la particularité de modéliser d'une part les intensités de dépassement de seuil, mais aussi les positions d'occurrences de ces dépassements de seuil. Cette méthode va nous permettre de déterminer un seuil au delà duquel les pics pourront être considérés comme significatifs

Cloning, expression and pharmacology of the mouse 5-HT4L receptor

AbstractSince most of our knowledge on pharmacological properties of brain 5-HT4 receptors have been discussed for mouse colliculi neurons, we cloned the corresponding receptor using the RT-PCR approach. As expected, the homology with the already cloned rat 5-HT4L receptor was high, revealing only 16 differences at the amino-acid level. One of the differences, proline75 in mouse, alanine75 in the already published rat sequences was not confirmed. Therefore this proline is part of the consensus sequence present in all 5-HT receptor transmembrane domain II (LVMP). Comparing the affinities of 11 agonists and five antagonists for the cloned mouse receptor (5-HT4L) expressed in LLCPK1 and the corresponding receptor in mouse colliculi shows an excellent correlation. The transfected mouse 5-HT4L receptor stimulated cAMP production. When expressed at high density, it exhibited intrinsic activity. In contrast to the previously described distribution, we found that mRNA encoding for both the short (5-HT4S) and the long form (5-HT4L) of 5-HT4 receptors are expressed in all mouse and rat brain areas

2,2′-(Propane-2,2-di­yl)bis­(1H-pyrrole)

The title compound, C11H14N2, crystallized with two independent mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. The two mol­ecules differ only slightly, with the pyrrole rings being inclined to one another at a dihedral angle of 87.67 (8)° in mol­ecule A and 88.09 (7)° in mol­ecule B. In the crystal, there are no classical hydrogen bonds, but the two pyrrole NH groups of one mol­ecule are involved in N—H⋯π inter­actions with the pyrrole rings of the other mol­ecule. In this manner, a compact box-like arrangement of the two independent mol­ecules is formed

4,4-Bis(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)penta­nol

The title achiral compound, C13H18N2O, crystallized in the chiral monoclinic space group P21. The pyrrole rings are inclined to one another by 62.30 (11)°, and the propanol chain is in an extended conformation. In the crystal, the two pyrrole NH groups are involved in inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of a helical arrangement propagating along the b axis. An inter­esting feature of the crystal structure is the absence of any conventional hydrogen bonds involving the hydr­oxy H atom. There is, however, a weak inter­molecular O—H⋯π inter­action involving one of the pyrrole rings

Zac1 functions through TGFβII to negatively regulate cell number in the developing retina

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Organs are programmed to acquire a particular size during development, but the regulatory mechanisms that dictate when dividing progenitor cells should permanently exit the cell cycle and stop producing additional daughter cells are poorly understood. In differentiated tissues, tumor suppressor genes maintain a constant cell number and intact tissue architecture by controlling proliferation, apoptosis and cell dispersal. Here we report a similar role for two tumor suppressor genes, the <it>Zac1 </it>zinc finger transcription factor and that encoding the cytokine TGFβII, in the developing retina.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using loss and gain-of-function approaches, we show that <it>Zac1 </it>is an essential negative regulator of retinal size. <it>Zac1 </it>mutants develop hypercellular retinae due to increased progenitor cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis at late developmental stages. Consequently, supernumerary rod photoreceptors and amacrine cells are generated, the latter of which form an ectopic cellular layer, while other retinal cells are present in their normal number and location. Strikingly, <it>Zac1 </it>functions as a direct negative regulator of a rod fate, while acting cell non-autonomously to modulate amacrine cell number. We implicate TGFβII, another tumor suppressor and cytokine, as a <it>Zac1</it>-dependent amacrine cell negative feedback signal. TGFβII and phospho-Smad2/3, its downstream effector, are expressed at reduced levels in <it>Zac1 </it>mutant retinae, and exogenous TGFβII relieves the mutant amacrine cell phenotype. Moreover, treatment of wild-type retinae with a soluble TGFβ inhibitor and TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII) conditional mutants generate excess amacrine cells, phenocopying the <it>Zac1 </it>mutant phenotype.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We show here that <it>Zac1 </it>has an essential role in cell number control during retinal development, akin to its role in tumor surveillance in mature tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrate that <it>Zac1 </it>employs a novel cell non-autonomous strategy to regulate amacrine cell number, acting in cooperation with a second tumor suppressor gene, <it>TGFβII</it>, through a negative feedback pathway. This raises the intriguing possibility that tumorigenicity may also be associated with the loss of feedback inhibition in mature tissues.</p

Therapeutic Patient Education for Fibromyalgia during Spa Therapy: The FiETT Randomized Controlled Trial

Spa therapy is known to improve quality of life and diminish pain. We assessed the efficacy (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-FIQ) and safety at 6 months of a fibromyalgia-specific therapeutic patient education (TPE) program added to fibromyalgia-specific standardized spa therapy (SST), compared to SST alone, in a controlled randomized trial. We enrolled 157 patients, mostly women, attending spa centers in Southwest France in 2015-2016, and randomized them to SST + TPE (79) or SST (78). The intention-to-treat with "missing as failure" analysis showed a tendency toward a higher, though non-significant, benefit with TPE than without for FIQ (-9 vs. -3; p = 0.053) or pain intensity (-0.9 vs. -1.1; p = 0.58). In addition, pain relief (+3.2 vs. +4.3; p = 0.03) and fatigue (-1.6 vs. -3.7; p = 0.02) were significantly improved, and 87% patients in the SST + TPE arm still regularly practiced the physical exercises taught to them at 6 months. We suspect significant and lasting improvement from spa therapy, as well as our already well-informed and well-managed participants, to have prevented the demonstration of a significant benefit of TPE on FIQ

In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Culture Strongly Impact the Placental Transcriptome in the Mouse Model

BACKGROUND: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) are increasingly used in humans; however, their impact is now questioned. At blastocyst stage, the trophectoderm is directly in contact with an artificial medium environment, which can impact placental development. This study was designed to carry out an in-depth analysis of the placental transcriptome after ART in mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Blastocysts were transferred either (1) after in vivo fertilization and development (control group) or (2) after in vitro fertilization and embryo culture. Placentas were then analyzed at E10.5. Six percent of transcripts were altered at the two-fold threshold in placentas of manipulated embryos, 2/3 of transcripts being down-regulated. Strikingly, the X-chromosome harbors 11% of altered genes, 2/3 being induced. Imprinted genes were modified similarly to the X. Promoter composition analysis indicates that FOXA transcription factors may be involved in the transcriptional deregulations. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, our study shows that in vitro fertilization associated with embryo culture strongly modify the placental expression profile, long after embryo manipulations, meaning that the stress of artificial environment is memorized after implantation. Expression of X and imprinted genes is also greatly modulated probably to adapt to adverse conditions. Our results highlight the importance of studying human placentas from ART