Impacts de la déficience maternelle modérée en fer sur le développement des fonctions auditives et le métabolisme des acides gras et eicosanoïdes de la progéniture

Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdorales, 2014-2015Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer les impacts de la l’anémie ferriprive (AF) modérée durant la gestation et la lactation, sur les fonctions neurophysiologiques des voies auditives, ainsi que sur les fonctions métaboliques de la progéniture du cochon d’Inde (Cavia porcellus). Elle s’articule selon 2 volets d’études distincts (protocoles 1 et 2), basés tant sur la composition en fer des diètes, que sur la nature des acides gras (AG) qui les composent. Ainsi, les diètes du 1er protocole sont soit suffisantes en fer (SF : 144 mg / Kg), soit déficientes en ce dernier (DF : 11,7 mg / Kg), mais toutes deux exemptes d’AG polyinsaturés à longue chaîne (AGPI-LC) et présentant un ratio n-6:n-3 de 59:1. Dans le 2ème protocole, les diètes sont également SF (146 mg / Kg) ou DF (12,7 mg / Kg), mais intègrent des AGPI-LC et présentent un ratio n-6:n-3 de 11:1, afin de mimer un profil d’AG proche de celui de la diète nord-américaine. La terminologie « +AGPI » (SF+AGPI et DF+AGPI) reflétera cette diète. Les mères cobayes ont reçu leur alimentation respective durant les périodes d’habituation, reproduction, gestation et jusqu’au jour post-natal (JPN) 9. Les nouveau-nés ont été sevrés au JPN9 avec leur diète contrôle respective. Les potentiels évoqués auditifs du tronc cérébral (PEATC) et les prélèvements de tissus ont eu lieu au JPN24, moment où le statut hématologique des cobayes était restauré. Les PEATC des fratries DF ont présenté de profondes altérations auditives périphériques, caractérisées par une perte d’audition de type neurosensorielle (affectant particulièrement les basses fréquences), associée à un retard dans la vélocité de conduction du nerf auditif et à une sur-stimulation neurale (hyperacousie, chez les femelles uniquement). Parallèlement, l’expression cérébrale de la Δ6-désaturase, et les niveaux de cyclo-oxygénase II (COX II) et de prostaglandines (PG) étaient inchangés par rapport aux fratries SF. Au niveau central (Encephalum), une incorporation importante d’AG (essentiellement sous forme d’AGPI n-6) était caractérisée au sein des phospholipides (PL) des fratries DF. Chez ces derniers, une élévation marquée des AG totaux, saturés, monoinsaturés et AGPI n-6 plasmatiques était parallèlement caractérisée. Au sein du 2ème protocole, les fratries DF+AGPI et SF+AGPI ne présentaient pas de différence dans les temps de transmission périphérique (nerf auditif) et plus centrale (tronc cérébral), ainsi qu’au niveau de la synchronisation neurale. Malgré une similarité avec les fratries SF+AGPI dans l’acuité auditive, une forte proportion de perte d’audition neurosensorielle s’illustrait parmi le groupe DF+AGPI. Au sein de ce dernier, l’ARNm encéphalique de la Δ6-désaturase présentait une tendance à la diminution et seule la concentration en PGE2 était significativement réduite. Parallèlement, les AG des différents PL du cerveau apparaissaient faiblement affectés, alors que les concentrations érythrocytaires en AG totaux, AGS, AGPI-LC n-3 (dont l’ADH) étaient réduites. Les AG hépatiques ne subissaient aucun changement. En dépit de la réplétion en fer, ces études révèlent que la magnitude des effets de la DF gestationnelle sur les altérations neurophysiologiques et biochimiques chez la progéniture est étroitement liée au métabolisme lipidique. Les variations dans le profil en AGPI-LC des diètes DF peuvent induire des altérations particulièrement marquées au niveau des organes sensoriels périphériques chez la progéniture. Les mécanismes mis en jeu, ainsi que leurs incidences au niveau central restent à déterminer.This research aims to determine the impacts of a moderate iron deficiency anæmia (IDA) during gestation and lactation on neurophysiological functions of the auditory pathways, as well as metabolic functions of the offspring in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). This thesis consists of 2 distinct studies (protocols 1 and 2), based on both the content of iron and the nature of the fatty acids (FA) in the diets. Thus, the diets of the 1st protocol are iron sufficient (IS: 144 mg / kg) or iron deficient (IDA: 11.7 mg / kg), but both are devoid of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and have a ratio of n-6:n-3 equivalent to 59:1. In the 2nd protocol, diets are also IS (146 mg / kg) or IDA (12.7 mg / kg), but contain LC-PUFA and have a n-6:n-3 ratio of 11:1, in order to mimic a FA profile close from the one of the Northern-American diet. The « +PUFA » terminology (SF+PUFA and IDA+PUFA) will reflect this diet. Guinea pig dams received their respective diet during the periods of habituation, reproduction, gestation and until postnatal day (PNd) 9. Offspring were weaned at post-natal day (PNd) 9 with their respective control diet. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and tissue samples took place at PNd24, a time point indicating when the hæmatological status of guinea pigs was restored. The ABR from IDA siblings showed profound peripheral auditory impairments, characterized by a sensorineural hearing loss type (particularly affecting the low frequencies), associated with a delay in the conduction velocity of the auditory nerve and increased neural stimulation (hyperacusis, in females only). Furthermore, brain expression of the Δ6-desaturase, and cyclooxygenase II (COX II) and prostaglandins (PG) levels were unchanged compared with siblings IS. At the central level (Encephalum), a significant FA incorporation (mainly in the form of n-6 PUFA) was characterized in phospholipids (PL) from IDA siblings. In the latter, a marked plasma elevation of total, saturated, monounsaturated FA and n-6 PUFA was characterized in parallel. In the second protocol, siblings IDA+PUFA and SF+PUFA showed no difference in peripheral (auditory nerve) and central (brainstem) transmission times, and in the neural synchronization. Despite a similarity with IS+PUFA siblings’ auditory acuity, a large proportion of sensorineural hearing loss was noted in the IDA+PUFA group. Within the latter, the brain Δ6-desaturase mRNA showed a trend to be decreased and only the PGE2 concentration was significantly reduced. Furthermore, FA from different brain PL appeared weakly affected, whereas concentrations of total FA, saturated FA (SFA), n-3 LC-PUFA (including docosahexænoic acid, DHA) in erythrocytes were reduced. Liver FA underwent no change. Despite iron repletion, these studies show that the magnitude in the impact of a gestational IDA on neurophysiological and biochemical alterations of offspring is closely related to their lipid metabolism. Changes in the offspring’s LC-PUFA profile following the gestational IDA diets may induce alterations particularly marked in their peripheral sensory organs. The mechanisms involved and their impact at the central level remain to be determined

Enhancement of Calcium/Vitamin D Supplement Efficacy by Administering Concomitantly Three Key Nutrients Essential to Bone Collagen Matrix for the Treatment of Osteopenia in Middle-Aged Women: A One-Year Follow-Up

Two vitamins and proline (CB6Pro), three nutrients essential for bone collagen, were used in combination to a 1000 mg calcium/250 IU vitamin D (Ca/D) daily supplement to treat osteopenia as a preventive measure against osteoporosis later in life. Middle-aged women not using estrogen were screened for osteopenia using the WHO criteria and divided into three groups (n = 20 each): 1) placebo healthy controls with normal bone mineral density (BMD); 2) control Ca/D-treated osteopenic patients; and 3) Ca/D + CB6Pro-treated osteopenic patients. The three groups were comparable at baseline except for BMD. After one-year treatment, cortical diaphyseal BMD remained constant in each group, but trabecular bone loss persisted (at 5 lumbar sites) in osteopenic group 2. No further bone loss was detected in osteopenic group 3. A loss of 2% was evidenced in the placebo group at one lumbar site. Markers of bone formation (which increase in coupling to resorption) decreased significantly in both osteopenic groups. Although biomarkers of resorption did not change, hormone (PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3)-induced osteoclastic activity was significantly reduced. No decline in BMD occurred at any bone site in osteopenic group 3, highlighting the importance of improving the quality of bone matrix concomitantly to mineral replacement

Rapid isolation and purification of functional platelet mitochondria using a discontinuous Percoll gradient

The isolation of mitochondria is gaining importance in experimental and clinical laboratory settings. The mitochondrion is known as the powerhouse of the cell as it produces the energy to power most cellular functions but is also involved in many cellular processes. Of interest, mitochondria and mitochondrial components (i.e. circular DNA, N-formylated peptides, cardiolipin) have been involved in several human inflammatory pathologies, such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, stringent methods of isolation and purification of mitochondria are of the utmost importance in assessing mitochondrial-related diseases. While several mitochondrial isolation methods have been previously published, these techniques are aimed at yielding mitochondria from cells types other than platelets. In addition, little information is known on the number of platelet-derived microparticles that can contaminate the mitochondrial preparation or even the overall quality and integrity of the mitochondria. In this project, we provide an alternate purification method yielding mitochondria of high purity and integrity from human platelets. Using human platelets, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy experiments were performed to demonstrate that the Percoll gradient method yielded significantly purified mitochondria by removing platelet membrane debris. Mitochondrial respiration following the substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration (SUIT) protocol was similar in both the purified and crude mitochondrial extraction methods. Finally, the cytochrome c effect and JC-1 staining did not exhibit a significant difference between the two methods, suggesting that the mitochondrial integrity was not affected. Our study suggests that the Percoll discontinuous gradient purifies viable platelet-derived mitochondria by removing platelet-derived debris, including microparticles, therefore confirming that this isolation method is ideal for studying the downstream effects of intact mitochondria in mitochondrial-related diseases