The fiddle as a symbolic creative therapeutic tool in music therapy

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A Point Mutation in a Herpesvirus Polymerase Determines Neuropathogenicity

Infection with equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) leads to respiratory disease, abortion, and neurologic disorders in horses. Molecular epidemiology studies have demonstrated that a single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in an amino acid variation of the EHV-1 DNA polymerase (N752/D752) is significantly associated with the neuropathogenic potential of naturally occurring strains. To test the hypothesis that this single amino acid exchange by itself influences neuropathogenicity, we generated recombinant viruses with differing polymerase sequences. Here we show that the N752 mutant virus caused no neurologic signs in the natural host, while the D752 virus was able to cause inflammation of the central nervous system and ataxia. Neurologic disease induced by the D752 virus was concomitant with significantly increased levels of viremia (p = 0.01), but the magnitude of virus shedding from the nasal mucosa was similar between the N752 and D752 viruses. Both viruses replicated with similar kinetics in fibroblasts and epithelial cells, but exhibited differences in leukocyte tropism. Last, we observed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in sensitivity of the N752 mutant to aphidicolin, a drug targeting the viral polymerase. Our results demonstrate that a single amino acid variation in a herpesvirus enzyme can influence neuropathogenic potential without having a major effect on virus shedding from infected animals, which is important for horizontal spread in a population. This observation is very interesting from an evolutionary standpoint and is consistent with data indicating that the N752 DNA pol genotype is predominant in the EHV-1 population, suggesting that decreased viral pathogenicity in the natural host might not be at the expense of less efficient inter-individual transmission

Music Therapy and Autism Across the Lifespan : A Spectrum of Approaches

Penggunaan terapi musik sudah lama dilakukan pada orang dengan Kondisi Spektrum Autistik. Kombinasi penggunaan musik dan kerja hubungan dalam pendekatan yang berpusat pada orang mendukung tiga bidang utama kesulitan yang sering dialami orang dengan autisme; interaksi sosial, komunikasi dan imajinasi. Penelitian saat ini mendukung manfaat psikologis positif dari terapi musik ketika orang dengan kondisi spektrum autisme terlibat dengan terapi musik. Buku ini merayakan kekayaan pendekatan terapi musik dan menyatukan suara para praktisi di Inggris. Dengan fokus yang kuat pada bukti berbasis praktik, ini menampilkan dokter, peneliti, dan pendidik yang bekerja di berbagai lingkungan sepanjang masa hidup