Mean residuals across counties and time by activity categories for gonorrhea models excluding activity variable.

<p>Mean residuals across counties and time by activity categories for gonorrhea models excluding activity variable.</p

Temporal trends in total reported gonorrhea rates and new well permits in Ohio 2000–2016.

<p>Temporal trends in total reported gonorrhea rates and new well permits in Ohio 2000–2016.</p

Temporal trends in total reported syphilis rates and new well permits in Ohio 2000–2016.

<p>Temporal trends in total reported syphilis rates and new well permits in Ohio 2000–2016.</p

Temporal trends in total reported chlamydia rates and new well permits in Ohio 2000–2016.

<p>Temporal trends in total reported chlamydia rates and new well permits in Ohio 2000–2016.</p

Mean residuals across counties and time by activity categories for syphilis models excluding activity variable.

<p>Mean residuals across counties and time by activity categories for syphilis models excluding activity variable.</p

Distribution of sociodemographic variables among counties ever experiencing any and no shale activity in Ohio from 2000–2016.

<p>Distribution of sociodemographic variables among counties ever experiencing any and no shale activity in Ohio from 2000–2016.</p

Where Is Air Quality Improving, and Who Benefits? A Study of PM2.5 and Ozone over 15 Years

In the United States, concentrations of criteria air pollutants have declined in recent decades. Questions remain regarding whether improvements in air quality are equitably distributed across subpopulations. We assessed spatial variability and temporal trends in concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) across North Carolina from 2002–2016, and associations with community characteristics. Estimated daily PM2.5 and O3 concentrations at 2010 Census tracts were obtained from the Fused Air Quality Surface Using Downscaling archive and averaged to create tract-level annual PM2.5 and O3 estimates. We calculated tract-level measures of: racial isolation of non-Hispanic Black individuals, educational isolation of non–college educated individuals, the neighborhood deprivation index (NDI), and percentage of the population in urban areas. We fitted hierarchical Bayesian space-time models to estimate baseline concentrations of and time trends in PM2.5 and O3 for each tract, accounting for spatial between-tract correlation. Concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 declined by 6.4 μg/m3 and 13.5 ppb, respectively. Tracts with lower educational isolation and higher urbanicity had higher PM2.5 and more pronounced declines in PM2.5. Racial isolation was associated with higher PM2.5 but not with the rate of decline in PM2.5. Despite declines in pollutant concentrations, over time, disparities in exposure increased for racially and educationally isolated communities

Model fit to data for four states–California, Florida, New York, South Dakota.

(TIFF)</p

Probability that each location falls into one of four incidence categories: <10, 10-<100, 100-<500, and ≥500 cases per 100,000 person-years, designated as low, medium, high, and very high incidence, respectively.

<p>Probability that each location falls into one of four incidence categories: <10, 10-<100, 100-<500, and ≥500 cases per 100,000 person-years, designated as low, medium, high, and very high incidence, respectively.</p

Delay Distributions.

Delay Distributions.</p