Blueberry polyphenols as natural antimicrobial agents against foodborne viruses: Towards understanding their mechanism and applications in food systems

Foodborne viruses are recognized as public health concerns worldwide and therefore effective strategies to control their spread are being researched. Blueberries are known for their health benefits and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to (1) determine the antiviral effects of blueberry juice (BJ) and blueberry proanthocyanidins (B-PAC) against the infectivity of hepatitis A virus (HAV), Aichi virus (AiV) and human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus (FCV-F9) and murine norovirus (MNV-1)) at 37oC over 24-h using standard plaque assays; (2) evaluate antiviral effects in model foods (apple juice (AJ) and 2% milk) and simulated gastrointestinal conditions at 37oC; and (3) determine the mechanism of action of B-PAC by comparing activity of monomeric catechins, procyanidin B2, B-type PAC from blueberries (B-PAC) and A-type PAC from cranberries (C-PAC), effects on viral structure using transmission electron microscopy, and on adsorption and replication. FCV-F9, MNV-1, HAV and AiV titers were reduced to undetectable levels after 5 min, 3-h, 30 min and 3-h with 1, 1, 2, and 5 mg/ml B-PAC, respectively. BJ reduced FCV-F9, MNV-1, AiV to undetectable levels and HAV by ~2 log PFU/ml after 3, 6, 24 and 24-h, respectively. All tested viruses were reduced to undetectable levels within 15 min with B-PAC (1, 2 and 5 mg/ml) in AJ (pH 3.6). B-PAC effects decreased in milk, where FCV-F9, MNV-1, HAV and AiV were reduced by ~1 log PFU/ml with 5 mg/ml after 24-h. B-PAC at 5 mg/ml in simulated intestinal fluid reduced all tested viruses to undetectable levels within 30 min. Monomeric catechins and procyanidin B2 were less effective than the polymeric B-PAC. Time of addition assays indicated that B-PAC had modest effects in preventing viral adsorption, with no significant effect on viral replication. TEM observations revealed moderate effects on virus structure with either damaged viral capsid or virus binding to B-PAC, possibly preventing virus attachment to host cells. Overall, this study demonstrated the ability of BJ and B-PAC to reduce viral titers in model food systems and under simulated gastric conditions, suggesting their potential as preventive and therapeutic options against foodborne viral illnesses

Test Case Prioritization Based on Specific Events

Event-Driven Software (EDS) system changes its state according to arrival of events for example graphical user interface and web framework. So due to there are number of events generated by users waiting in queue, this system is raise issue for testing. Until now, there are more efforts taken for testing this issue but these efforts are not collective. In this project work, our try is to give collective solution for graphical user interface and Web frameworks combined. We designed model to test graphical user interface and web application combined by using test cases prioritization. Main objective is here to deploy this model to prioritize test cases based on events. Our proposed work shows that graphical user interface and Web-based frameworks, gives same behavior even after prioritization. To test stand-alone GUI and Web-based frameworks based on shared prioritization function, and prioritization criteria’s. This generic approach is enough to study develop and test a unified theory for all kinds of Event Driven Software systems. This paper articulates all the details regarding our proposed system through following sections

Graphene: a game changer in prosthodontics and implant dentistry

Graphene family nonmaterial, with supercilious mechanical, chemical, and biological properties, have grabbed attention on the path of researches seeking newer materials for future biomedical applications. Although potential applications of graphene had been highly reviewed in other fields of medicine, especially for their antibacterial properties and tissue regenerative capacities, in vivo and in vitro studies related to prosthodontics are very limited. Therefore, based on current knowledge and latest progress, this article aimed to present the recent achievements and provide a literature review on potential uses and applications of graphene that could be converted into clinical reality in prosthodontics

Enhanced production of amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 1526 by medium optimisation using a statistical experimental design

In the present work, statistical experimental methodology was used to enhance the production of amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis MTCC 1526. R. erythropolis MTCC 1526 was selected through screening of seven strains of Rhodococcus species. The Placket-Burman screening experiments suggested that sorbitol as carbon source, yeast extract and meat peptone as nitrogen sources, and acetamide as amidase inducer are the most influential media components. The concentrations of these four media components were optimised using a face-centred design of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum medium composition for amidase production was found to contain sorbitol (5 g/L), yeast extract (4 g/L), meat peptone (2.5 g/L), and acetamide (12.25 mM). Amidase activities before and after optimisation were 157.85 units/g dry cells and 1,086.57 units/g dry cells, respectively. Thus, use of RSM increased production of amidase from R. erythropolis MTCC 1526 by 6.88-fold

Prophylactic potential of a Panchgavya formulation against certain pathogenic bacteria [version 1; referees: 2 approved]

A Panchgavya preparation was evaluated for its prophylactic efficacy against bacterial infection, employing the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host. Worms fed with the Panchgavya preparation prior to being challenged with pathogenic bacteria had a better survival rate against four out of five test bacterial pathogens, as compared to the control worms. Panchgavya feeding prior to bacterial challenge was found to be most effective against Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in 27% (p=0.0001) better worm survival. To the best of our awareness, this is the first report demonstrating in vivo prophylactic efficacy of Panchgavya mixture against pathogenic bacteria

A Parameter Based Comparative Study of Deep Learning Algorithms for Stock Price Prediction

Stock exchanges are places where buyers and sellers meet to trade shares in public companies. Stock exchanges encourage investment. Companies can grow, expand, and generate jobs in the economy by raising cash. These investments play a crucial role in promoting trade, economic expansion, and prosperity. We compare the three well-known deep learning algorithms, LSTM, GRU, and CNN, in this work. Our goal is to provide a thorough study of each algorithm and identify the best strategy when taking into account elements like accuracy, memory utilization, interpretability, and more. To do this, we recommend the usage of hybrid models, which combine the advantages of the various methods while also evaluating the performance of each approach separately. Aim of research is to investigate model with the highest accuracy and the best outcomes with respect to stock price prediction

Iron Dynamics Shape Host-Pathogen Interactions

Hosts and their pathogens often compete for trace metal elements that are essential to each of their survival. Iron is one of these trace metal elements and consequently, iron dynamics are central in host-pathogen interactions. Here we review how competition for iron during infection influences host-pathogen interactions and shapes disease outcomes. Hosts have developed diverse mechanisms to limit nutrient availability to the pathogen, also known as nutritional immunity. In response to infection, vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant hosts generate a hypoferremic environment using a variety of iron-binding proteins and chelators, alongside iron transporters, to limit pathogen replication. To counter nutritional immunity responses, pathogens use TonB-dependent (e.g., siderophores) and TonB-independent mechanisms to scavenge ferric and ferrous iron. Pathogens also compete with the host-associated microbiota to access iron. Competition between microbes for iron can either hinder or facilitate pathogen establishment and proliferation within hosts. Iron dynamics are an exciting new avenue for therapeutic interventions that may be employed against a broad range of pathogens