Glycomics Analysis of Mammalian Heparan Sulfates Modified by the Human Extracellular Sulfatase HSulf2

The Sulfs are a family of endosulfatases that selectively modify the 6O-sulfation state of cell-surface heparan sulfate (HS) molecules. Sulfs serve as modulators of cell-signaling events because the changes they induce alter the cell surface co-receptor functions of HS chains. A variety of studies have been aimed at understanding how Sulfs modify HS structure, and many of these studies utilize Sulf knockout cell lines as the source for the HS used in the experiments. However, genetic manipulation of Sulfs has been shown to alter the expression levels of HS biosynthetic enzymes, and in these cases an assessment of the fine structural changes induced solely by Sulf enzymatic activity is not possible. Therefore, the present work aims to extend the understanding of substrate specificities of HSulf2 using in vitro experiments to compare HSulf2 activities on HS from different organ tissues.To further the understanding of Sulf enzymatic activity, we conducted in vitro experiments where a variety of mammalian HS substrates were modified by recombinant human Sulf2 (HSulf2). Subsequent to treatment with HSulf2, the HS samples were exhaustively depolymerized and analyzed using size-exclusion liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SEC-LC/MS). We found that HSulf2 activity was highly dependent on the structural features of the HS substrate. Additionally, we characterized, for the first time, the activity of HSulf2 on the non-reducing end (NRE) of HS chains. The results indicate that the action pattern of HSulf2 at the NRE is different compared to internally within the HS chain.The results of the present study indicate that the activity of Sulfs is dependent on the unique structural features of the HS populations that they edit. The activity of HSulf2 at HS NREs implicates the Sulfs as key regulators of this region of the chains, and concomitantly, the protein-binding events that occur there

Energy Management of People in Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda

Although energy is a concept that is implied in many motivational theories, is hardly ever explicitly mentioned or researched. The current article first relates theories and research findings that were thus far not explicitly related to energy. We describe theories such as flow, subjective well-being, engagement and burn-out, and make the link with energy more explicit. Also, we make a first link between personality characteristics and energy, and describe the role of leadership in unleashing followers’ energy. Following, we identify how the topic of energy management can be profitably incorporated in research from a scientific as well as a practitioner viewpoint. Finally, we describe several interventions to enhance energy in individuals and organizations

Vanadyl complexes bearing bi-dentate phenoxyimine ligands: synthesis, structural studies and ethylene polymerization capability

Reaction of [VO(OnPr)₃] with the Schiff bases 3,5-(tBu)₂-2-OH-C₆H₂CH(N(x-OR-C₆H₄)) (R = Me; x = 2, L¹H; x = 3, L²H; x = 4, L³H; R = Et (L⁴H), CF₃ (L⁵H), Ph (L⁶H)) or 4-methyl-3-(R)-2-(OH)-C₆H₄C=N(2′-(2′′-(OR₁)C₆H₄)C₆H₄) (R = adamantyl, R¹ = Ph (L⁷H) or R = C(Me)₂Ph, R¹ = Ph (L⁸H)) afforded the bis(chelate) vanadium(IV) complexes [VO(Ln)₂] (n = 1 (1·2MeCN); n = 2 (2); n = 3 (3·2MeCN); n = 4 (4); n = 5 (5); n = 6 (6); n = 6, (7·1.5MeCN); n = 7, (8); n = 8, (9)); in the case of L⁶H, the oxo-bridged vanadium(V) complexes [VO(μ-O)(L⁶)]₂ (10) was also isolated. By contrast, interaction of 4-methyl-3-(R)-2-(OH)-C₆H₄C=N(2′-(2′′-(OR₁)C₆H₄)C₆H₄) (R = adamantyl, R¹ = Me (L⁹H); R = tBu, R¹ = Me (L¹⁰H); R = C(Me)₂Ph, R1 = Me (L¹¹H)) with [VO(OnPr)₃] led to the isolation of the dinuclear complexes [VO(μ-OH)(μ-OnPr)(Ln)]₂ (n = 9, (11·4MeCN); 10, (12); 11, (13)), respectively. The molecular structures of 1 to 13 are reported. All complexes have been screened as pre-catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene in the presence of the co-catalyst diethylaluminium chloride (DEAC) with or without ethyltrichloroacetate (ETA) present at 1 or 10 bar of ethylene. Under high pressure, all pre-catalysts exhibited high activity and afforded high molecular weight (Mw ≈ 200000 to 675000 g mol⁻¹), linear polyethylene with activities (in the presence of ETA) in the range 4960–16400 g mmol⁻¹ h⁻¹; at one bar, the products were generally of lower molecular weight. The use of methylaluminoxane (MAO) or modified MAO (MMAO) as co-catalyst led to trace or poor (≤110 g mmol⁻¹ h⁻¹) activity, respectively