Innovation_Collective_Brain_Language_Analysis

Data to replicate analysis on speaker size and language optimization

Institutions, Parasites and the Persistence of In-group Preferences

<div><p>Much research has established reliable cross-population differences in motivations to invest in one’s in-group. We compare two current historical-evolutionary hypotheses for this variation based on (1) effective large-scale institutions and (2) pathogen threats by analyzing cross-national differences (N = 122) in in-group preferences measured in three ways. We find that the effectiveness of government institutions correlates with favoring in-group members, even when controlling for pathogen stress and world region, assessing reverse causality, and providing a check on endogeneity with an instrumental variable analysis. Conversely, pathogen stress shows inconsistent associations with in-group favoritism when controlling for government effectiveness. Moreover, pathogen stress shows little to no association with in-group favoritism within major world regions whereas government effectiveness does. These results suggest that variation in in-group preferences across contemporary nation-states is more consistent with a generalized response to institutions that meet basic needs rather than an evolved response dedicated to pathogens.</p></div

Experiment1

Data from Experiment 1. GroupCondition & Male are binary. Ethnicity: 1=African, 2=East Asian, 3=South Asian, 4=Caucasian, 5=Mixe

Experiment2

Data from Experiment 1. GroupCondition, Male, NativeSpeaker, Exp.Sailing & Exp.Climbing are binary. Ethnicity: 0=African, 1=East Asian, 2=South Asian, 3=Caucasian, 4=Mixed, 5=Othe

Cross-population mean estimates of achieved fertility with 90% credibility intervals.

<p>Cross-population mean estimates of achieved fertility with 90% credibility intervals.</p

90% credibility intervals of mean estimates for factors predicting achieved fertility (Model 1 in Table 2).

<p>Effects to the right of zero are positive and effects to the left of zero are negative.</p

Group-level moralization of local deities appears to increase as a function of group-level material security.

<p>Note that the Hadza are missing due to difficulty with scale items and the Lovu are missing due to a lack of local deity data. This figure illustrates how aggregate, group-level patterns can be misleading for individual-level inferences. Compare this to the null effects in the Local Deity block in Fig 2 and Table D in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193856#pone.0193856.s001" target="_blank">S1 Supporting Information</a>.</p

Mean estimates and 90% credibility intervals for the levels of moral concern, knowledge breadth, punishment, and self-reported devotional ritual frequency attributed to moralistic (<i>a</i>) and local (<i>b</i>) deities as a function of food security, years of formal education and number of children.

<p>These results hold participant sex and age constant. All values are from the results tables taken from the full models in Tables D-G in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193856#pone.0193856.s001" target="_blank">S1 Supporting Information</a>. The end points of histograms are mean estimates. We include them for easier visual comparison of relative direction and distance from zero. Narrower error bars indicate more precise estimates. Effects to the right of zero are positive and effects to the left of zero are negative. Error bar symmetry around zero indicates no reliable effect; we found no evidence supporting any of the target predictions about religion.</p

Descriptive statistics of each field site.

<p>Descriptive statistics of each field site.</p