6 research outputs found
Development of a citrus genome-wide EST collection and cDNA microarray as resources for genomic studies
A functional genomics project has been initiated to approach the molecular characterization of the main biological and agronomical traits of citrus. As a key part of this project, a citrus EST collection has been generated from 25 cDNA libraries covering different tissues, developmental stages and stress conditions. The collection includes a total of 22,635 high-quality ESTs, grouped in 11,836 putative unigenes, which represent at least one third of the estimated number of genes in the citrus genome. Functional annotation of unigenes which have Arabidopsis orthologues (68% of all unigenes) revealed gene representation in every major functional category, suggesting that a genome-wide EST collection was obtained. A Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan. cv. Clemenules genomic library, that will contribute to further characterization of relevant genes, has also been constructed. To initiate the analysis of citrus transcriptome, we have developed a cDNA microarray containing 12,672 probes corresponding to 6875 putative unigenes of the collection. Technical characterization of the microarray showed high intra- and inter-array reproducibility, as well as a good range of sensitivity. We have also validated gene expression data achieved with this microarray through an independent technique such as RNA gel blot analysis
Variable impact on mortality of AIDS-defining events diagnosed during combination antiretroviral therapy: not all AIDS-defining conditions are created equal.
Abstract
BackgroundâThe extent to which mortality differs following individual acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)âdefining events (ADEs) has not been assessed among
patients initiating combination antiretroviral therapy.
MethodsâWe analyzed data from 31,620 patients with no prior ADEs who started combination
antiretroviral therapy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate mortality hazard
ratios for each ADE that occurred in >50 patients, after stratification by cohort and adjustment for
sex, HIV transmission group, number of anti-retroviral drugs initiated, regimen, age, date of
starting combination antiretroviral therapy, and CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA load at initiation
of combination antiretroviral therapy. ADEs that occurred in <50 patients were grouped together
to form a ârare ADEsâ category.
ResultsâDuring a median follow-up period of 43 months (interquartile range, 19â70 months),
2880 ADEs were diagnosed in 2262 patients; 1146 patients died. The most common ADEs were
esophageal candidiasis (in 360 patients), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (320 patients), and
Kaposi sarcoma (308 patients). The greatest mortality hazard ratio was associated with non-
Hodgkinâs lymphoma (hazard ratio, 17.59; 95% confidence interval, 13.84â22.35) and progressive
multifocal leukoencephalopathy (hazard ratio, 10.0; 95% confidence interval, 6.70â14.92). Three
groups of ADEs were identified on the basis of the ranked hazard ratios with bootstrapped
confidence intervals: severe (non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma and progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy [hazard ratio, 7.26; 95% confidence interval, 5.55â9.48]), moderate
(cryptococcosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, AIDS dementia complex, disseminated Mycobacterium
avium complex, and rare ADEs [hazard ratio, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.76â3.13]), and
mild (all other ADEs [hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.08â2.00]).
ConclusionsâIn the combination antiretroviral therapy era, mortality rates subsequent to an
ADE depend on the specific diagnosis. The proposed classification of ADEs may be useful in
clinical end point trials, prognostic studies, and patient management
Variable impact on mortality of AIDS-defining events diagnosed during combination antiretroviral therapy: not all AIDS-defining conditions are created equal
Abstract
BackgroundâThe extent to which mortality differs following individual acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)âdefining events (ADEs) has not been assessed among
patients initiating combination antiretroviral therapy.
MethodsâWe analyzed data from 31,620 patients with no prior ADEs who started combination
antiretroviral therapy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate mortality hazard
ratios for each ADE that occurred in >50 patients, after stratification by cohort and adjustment for
sex, HIV transmission group, number of anti-retroviral drugs initiated, regimen, age, date of
starting combination antiretroviral therapy, and CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA load at initiation
of combination antiretroviral therapy. ADEs that occurred in <50 patients were grouped together
to form a ârare ADEsâ category.
ResultsâDuring a median follow-up period of 43 months (interquartile range, 19â70 months),
2880 ADEs were diagnosed in 2262 patients; 1146 patients died. The most common ADEs were
esophageal candidiasis (in 360 patients), Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (320 patients), and
Kaposi sarcoma (308 patients). The greatest mortality hazard ratio was associated with non-
Hodgkinâs lymphoma (hazard ratio, 17.59; 95% confidence interval, 13.84â22.35) and progressive
multifocal leukoencephalopathy (hazard ratio, 10.0; 95% confidence interval, 6.70â14.92). Three
groups of ADEs were identified on the basis of the ranked hazard ratios with bootstrapped
confidence intervals: severe (non-Hodgkinâs lymphoma and progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy [hazard ratio, 7.26; 95% confidence interval, 5.55â9.48]), moderate
(cryptococcosis, cerebral toxoplasmosis, AIDS dementia complex, disseminated Mycobacterium
avium complex, and rare ADEs [hazard ratio, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.76â3.13]), and
mild (all other ADEs [hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.08â2.00]).
ConclusionsâIn the combination antiretroviral therapy era, mortality rates subsequent to an
ADE depend on the specific diagnosis. The proposed classification of ADEs may be useful in
clinical end point trials, prognostic studies, and patient management