Time dependency of upper thermal limits in Atlantic herring larvae.

<p>Values for upper thermal limit (<i>UTL</i>, °C) including both <i>LT50</i>_max and <i>CT</i>_<i>max</i> estimates (see text) versus exposure time (<i>t</i>, h) beyond temperatures favorable for growth (>18°C). The <i>LT</i>_<i>max</i> and <i>CT</i>_<i>max</i> estimates for yolk-sac (YS), and feeding larvae (F) at two temperatures (7 and 13°C) are also shown. For the <i>LT50</i>_<i>max</i> data of YS larvae, the best fit regression equation (solid line) is <i>UTL</i> = 26.55(± 0.16 SE)—1.31(±0.08 SE) * Ln(<i>t</i>), (p<0.001), 95% CI of the curve are included as a dotted line.</p

Details of the Critical Thermal maxima (<i>CT</i>_<i>max</i>) trials conducted with Atlantic herring and European seabass larvae.

<p>Note “age” refers to the days-post hatch at the start of the <i>CT</i>_<i>max</i> trial, and “size” is the mean larval size of all the larvae used in each <i>CT</i>_<i>max</i> trial.</p

Upper and lower thermal limits of marine fish larvae.

<p>a) Average upper (red) and lower thermal limits (blue) of marine fish larvae at different acclimation temperatures. b) Detail of the upper (<i>LT50</i>_<i>max</i>, <i>CT</i>_<i>max</i>), and c) lower limits (<i>LT50</i>_<i>min</i>, <i>CT</i>_<i>min</i>), color-coded by species and shape-coded by method (static, circles; dynamic, triangles). Lines connect estimates from the same study. Study details are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0179928#pone.0179928.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Summary of studies reporting thermal limits for the larvae of freshwater, brackish and marine fish species.

<p>Shaded and filled bars are studies using the static (Sta.) and dynamic (Dyn.) method, respectively. See text for further details on both methods.</p

Compilation of published studies on thermal limits of marine and freshwater larvae.

<p>Compilation of published studies on thermal limits of marine and freshwater larvae.</p

Effects of warming rate, acclimation temperature and ontogeny on the critical thermal maximum of temperate marine fish larvae - Fig 2

<p><b>Critical thermal maxima (<i>CT</i>_<i>max</i>) estimates of Atlantic herring yolk sac larvae (a-b) and exogenously feeding larvae (c-d), and European seabass exogenously feeding larvae (e-f) at different warming rates.</b> Left-hand panels show <i>CT</i>_<i>max</i> of individual larvae. Right-hand panels show the mean treatment values (± 95% CI) from Generalized Linear Model (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0179928#pone.0179928.s002" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>), except for yolk sac larvae (panel b) in which mean (±95% CI) <i>CT</i>_<i>max</i> values are shown (as no model was fitted to this dataset).</p

Additional file 6: of The highly variable microbiota associated to intestinal mucosa correlates with growth and hypoxia resistance of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, submitted to different nutritional histories

Mean relative abundance of phylogenetic clusters among Alpha- and Beta-Proteobacteria with significant differences between experimental groups. (DOCX 19 kb

Additional file 6: of The highly variable microbiota associated to intestinal mucosa correlates with growth and hypoxia resistance of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, submitted to different nutritional histories

Mean relative abundance of phylogenetic clusters among Alpha- and Beta-Proteobacteria with significant differences between experimental groups. (DOCX 19 kb

Table_1_Constraints and Priorities for Conducting Experimental Exposures of Marine Organisms to Microplastics.docx

<p>Marine plastic pollution is a major environmental issue. Given their ubiquitous nature and small dimensions, ingestion of microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) particles and their subsequent impact on marine life are a growing concern worldwide. Transfers along the trophic chain, including possible translocation, for which the hazards are less understood, are also a major preoccupation. Effects of MP ingestion have been studied on animals through laboratory exposure, showing impacts on feeding activity, reserve depletion and inflammatory responses, with consequences for fitness, notably reproduction. However, most experimental studies have used doses of manufactured virgin microspheres that may not be environmentally realistic. As for most ecotoxicological issues, the environmental relevance of laboratory exposure experiments has recently been debated. Here we review constraints and priorities for conducting experimental exposures of marine wildlife to microplastics based on the literature, feedback from peer reviewers and knowledge gained from our experience. Priorities are suggested taking into account the complexity of microplastics in terms of (i) aggregation status, surface properties and interactions with organic and inorganic materials, (ii) diversity of encountered particles types and concentrations, (iii) particle bioavailability and distribution in experimental tanks to achieve reproducibility and repeatability in estimating effects, and (iv) strict experimental procedures to verify the existence of genuine translocation. Relevant integrative approaches encompass a wide spectrum of methods from -omics to ecophysiological approaches, including modeling, are discussed to provide novel insights on the impacts of MP/NP on marine ecosystems from a long-term perspective. Knowledge obtained in this way would inform stakeholders in such a way as to help them mitigate impacts of the micro- and nano-plastic legacy.</p