Effects of different carbohydrates in the pre-initial broiler chicken feed on the performance and on the organs allometric growth.

O estudo da nutrição na fase pré-inicial de frangos de corte é uma área de importância na busca da máxima expressão do potencial de crescimento. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos da alteração na qualidade da dieta pré-inicial, pela utilização de diferentes fontes de carboidratos, sobre o desenvolvimento de órgãos do sistema digestório e o desempenho das aves até os 42 dias de idade. O experimento foi conduzido em baterias metálicas com aquecimento automático tendo seis tratamentos (rações contendo 20% de EM fornecida pelos carboidratos glicose, sacarose, amido de milho, amido de mandioca ou 5% de lactose de um a sete dias de idade) com quatro repetições de 26 aves. Avaliou-se o desempenho das aves de 1 a 7, 7 a 21 e 21 a 42 dias. Para avaliação alométrica dos órgãos do sistema digestório foram feitos abates do primeiro ao sétimo, ao 21 o e ao 42 o dia de idade das aves. Observou-se um efeito de tratamento no consumo de ração (P=0,0062) e no peso vivo (P=0,0975) de um a sete dias de idade, e na conversão alimentar (P=0,0163) na fase de 21 a 42 dias de idade. A viabilidade criatória não foi afetada significativamente por nenhum dos tratamentos em nenhuma das fases assim como o consumo de ração de sete a 21 e de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Aos 21 e 42 dias de idade não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para o peso vivo. A conversão alimentar de um a sete e de sete a 21 dias de idade também não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. Não foi observado efeito significativo de tratamento em nenhuma das fases de criação para o peso relativo do saco vitelino, do proventrículo e para relação peso:comprimento do intestino delgado. Na fase de um a sete dias de idade observou-se efeito significativo de tratamento para o peso relativo da moela e do intestino delgado e para o comprimento absoluto do intestino delgado. Aos 21 dias de idade não se observou efeito significativo de tratamento para nenhuma variável. Aos 42 dias de idade observou-se efeito de tratamento sobre o peso relativo do pâncreas e do intestino delgado. Conclui-se que o uso dos carboidratos: glicose, sacarose, amido de milho e amido de mandioca foi benéfico para o desempenho das aves na fase de um a sete dias de idade. O melhor desempenho das aves nesses tratamentos, possivelmente, ocorreu devido à melhora da capacidade do sistema digestório, especialmente do peso relativo do intestino delgado. Entretanto, o efeito observado até os sete dias de idade das aves não foi mantido nas fases posteriores.The study of the broiler chicken pre-initial nutrition is an important field to maximize the growth potential expression. The present work analyzed the effect of the quality alteration in the pre-initial feed by carbohydrates sources on the gastrointestinal tract development and on the performance through 42 days. The trial was carried out in brooder batteries with six treatments (feed with 20% ME requirement from glucose, sucrose, corn starch, cassava starch or 5% of lactose, the birds received this feed only in the first week of age) and four replications with 26 chicks. The performance was analyzed from 1 to 7, 7 to 21 and from 21 to 42 days. Chickens were killed to analyze the allometric growth of the gastrointestinal organs from the first to seventh day and on the 21 st and 42 nd day. The feed consumption (P=0,0062), body weight (P=0,0975) in the first week and feed conversion from 21 st to 42 nd (P=0,0163) were affected by the treatments. The livability was not affected by any treatment in any period. The feed consumption from 7 to 21 and from 21 to 42 days was not affected. Also the body weight at 21 and 42 days was not affected by the treatments. The feed conversion from 1 to 7 and from 7 to 21 days was not affected by the treatments. The yolk sack, proventriculus, and the small intestine density were not affected by the treatments. From the first to the seventh day the treatments affected the gizzard weight and the small intestine weight and length. The treatments did not affect any variable at 21 days. At 42 days the pancreas and the small intestine weight were affected by the treatments. In conclusion the carbohydrates: glucose, sucrose, corn starch and cassava starch were beneficial for the performance from 1 to 7 days of age. These treatments resulted in better performance probably due to improvement in the gastrointestinal tract and absorbability capacity, specially the allometric weight of small intestine. However, at 21 and 42 days of age the improvement on performance was not detected

Oxidação lipídica do óleo de vísceras de aves para redução de seu conteúdo de energia metabolizável para frangos de corte na fase de crescimento Lipid oxidation decreases metabolizable energy value of dietary poultry fat for growing broilers

Com a finalidade de determinar os teores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn) do óleo de vísceras de aves fresco e oxidado, foi conduzido um ensaio metabólico utilizando-se 48 machos AgRoss com 31 dias de idade. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas metabólicas e o método utilizado foi o de coleta total de excretas. Foi fornecida uma dieta-referência com ou sem substituição de 10% pelo óleo de vísceras de aves fresco ou oxidado, sendo que cada dieta foi oferecida a quatro repetições de quatro aves. O período de coleta foi de quatro dias após três dias de adaptação às dietas e às gaiolas. O óleo de vísceras de aves foi adquirido de um produtor local e armazenado sob congelamento a -18&ordm;C (óleo fresco). O óleo oxidado foi obtido por aquecimento em banho-maria com temperatura entre 80 e 90&ordm;C. Durante o período de aquecimento, a qualidade deste óleo foi controlada por avaliações periódicas da absorbância específica, que indica o acúmulo de compostos de ranço. Os valores de absorbância específica, medidos a 232 e 270 nm, foram, respectivamente, de 4,64 e 0,47 para o óleo fresco e de 18,54 e 3,76 para o óleo oxidado. Os resultados obtidos, expressos na matéria original, para EMA e EMAn foram de 9.240 e 9.150 kcal/kg para o óleo de vísceras fresco e 7.700 e 7.595 kcal/kg para o óleo oxidado, comprovando estatisticamente grande redução no conteúdo de energia metabolizável do óleo decorrente do processo oxidativo.<br>In order to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fresh and oxidized poultry fat a metabolism assay with 48 AgRoss male broilers from 31 to 34 days of age was conducted. The birds were fed a basal diet or this diet replaced by 10% of fresh or oxidized fat and the total excreta collection method was applied. The birds were housed in metabolic cages and each diet was supplied for four replicates of four birds. Fresh poultry fat was supplied by a local rendering and then stored frozen (-18&ordm;C). The oxidized poultry fat was obtained by heating (80 - 90&ordm;C) and specific absorbances were measured frequently to control fat quality. Specific absorbances at 232 and 270 nm were, respectively, 4.64 and 0.47 for fresh fat and 18.54 and 3.76 for oxidized fat, which suggest higher levels of conjugated dienes in the oxidized poultry fat. The results of AME and AMEn were 9,240 and 9,150 kcal/kg (as fed-basis) for the fresh poultry fat and 7,770 and 7,595 kcal/kg (as fed-basis) for the oxidized poultry fat. AME and AMEn values were statistically different, indicating a decrease in the energy from the fresh poultry fat to the oxidized fat due to oxidation

Biogas production: litter from broilers receiving direct-fed microbials and an enzyme blend

The effect of additives used in the feed of broilers on anaerobic bio-digestion of poultry litter was evaluated. Four diets were used: NC: negative control; DFM: NC + 500 ppm direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis; ENZ: diet formulated with an enzyme blend (20 ppm phytase, 200 ppm protease and 200 ppm xylanase); DFM+E: ENZ + DFM. Substrates for the anaerobic bio-digestion were prepared with litter from each treatment, containing 4 % total solids (TS). These were used in 16 continuous bio-digesters with a 2 kg d−1 load, to determine the production and potential biogas production and composition during an 85-day period. Influent and effluent samples were collected for the amounts of TS and volatile solids (VS), fiber fraction (neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF] and lignin), nutrients (N, P and K), and total and thermotolerant coliforms to be determined. For all treatments a reduction in the following effluents was observed as follows: TS (49, 48, 48 and 50 %) VS (70, 54, 55 and 62 %) NDF (91, 90, 95 and 96 %) ADF (89, 88, 93 and 94 %) and lignin (80, 76, 89 and 88 %). The efficiency of the treatment for coliforms in bio-digesters was higher than 90 % in the 85-day period in all treatment groups. There was a reduction in biogas and methane production when DFM (5500 and 4000 mL) and DFM + E (5800 and 4100 mL) were used, compared to treatments NC (6300 mL and 4400) and ENZ (6400 and 4500 mL). The potential production of reduced TS and VS was higher in ENZ (1:00 and 1.74 106 mL kg−1) when compared to NC (0.88 and 1:02 106 mL kg−1), DFM (0.80 and 1:40 106 mL kg−1) and DFM + E (0.88 1:25 and 106 mL kg−1). The additives did not affect the percentage of methane production, and all treatments showed values higher than 70 %. Adding enzymes to the diet of broilers influences the litter characteristics and, as a consequence, increases biogas production. The addition of DFM and DFM + E to broiler diets reduced biogas and methane production

Biogas production: litter from broilers receiving direct-fed microbials and an enzyme blend

ABSTRACT The effect of additives used in the feed of broilers on anaerobic bio-digestion of poultry litter was evaluated. Four diets were used: NC: negative control; DFM: NC + 500 ppm direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis; ENZ: diet formulated with an enzyme blend (20 ppm phytase, 200 ppm protease and 200 ppm xylanase); DFM+E: ENZ + DFM. Substrates for the anaerobic bio-digestion were prepared with litter from each treatment, containing 4 % total solids (TS). These were used in 16 continuous bio-digesters with a 2 kg d−1 load, to determine the production and potential biogas production and composition during an 85-day period. Influent and effluent samples were collected for the amounts of TS and volatile solids (VS), fiber fraction (neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF] and lignin), nutrients (N, P and K), and total and thermotolerant coliforms to be determined. For all treatments a reduction in the following effluents was observed as follows: TS (49, 48, 48 and 50 %) VS (70, 54, 55 and 62 %) NDF (91, 90, 95 and 96 %) ADF (89, 88, 93 and 94 %) and lignin (80, 76, 89 and 88 %). The efficiency of the treatment for coliforms in bio-digesters was higher than 90 % in the 85-day period in all treatment groups. There was a reduction in biogas and methane production when DFM (5500 and 4000 mL) and DFM + E (5800 and 4100 mL) were used, compared to treatments NC (6300 mL and 4400) and ENZ (6400 and 4500 mL). The potential production of reduced TS and VS was higher in ENZ (1:00 and 1.74 106 mL kg−1) when compared to NC (0.88 and 1:02 106 mL kg−1), DFM (0.80 and 1:40 106 mL kg−1) and DFM + E (0.88 1:25 and 106 mL kg−1). The additives did not affect the percentage of methane production, and all treatments showed values higher than 70 %. Adding enzymes to the diet of broilers influences the litter characteristics and, as a consequence, increases biogas production. The addition of DFM and DFM + E to broiler diets reduced biogas and methane production