Power minimization based robust OFDM radar waveform design for radar and communication systems in coexistence.

This paper considers the problem of power minimization based robust orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar waveform design, in which the radar coexists with a communication system in the same frequency band. Recognizing that the precise characteristics of target spectra are impossible to capture in practice, it is assumed that the target spectra lie in uncertainty sets bounded by known upper and lower bounds. Based on this uncertainty model, three different power minimization based robust radar waveform design criteria are proposed to minimize the worst-case radar transmitted power by optimizing the OFDM radar waveform, which are constrained by a specified mutual information (MI) requirement for target characterization and a minimum capacity threshold for communication system. These criteria differ in the way the communication signals scattered off the target are considered: (i) as useful energy, (ii) as interference or (iii) ignored altogether at the radar receiver. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the radar transmitted power can be efficiently reduced by exploiting the communication signals scattered off the target at the radar receiver. It is also shown that the robust waveforms bound the worst-case power-saving performance of radar system for any target spectra in the uncertainty sets

PCR for <i>Schistosoma</i> spp. in patientś urine samples infected with <i>S. haematobium</i> as DNA source using the Urine DNA® Isolation Kit as the DNA extraction method.

<p>Agarose gel electrophoresis of <i>Schistosoma</i> genus-specific PCR CF1-CR2 (A) and CF2-CR2 (B) products obtained in four human urine samples of patients infected with <i>S. haematobium</i> (numbers 123, 693, 850, 886) using a volume of 1.75 mL of urine for DNA extraction using the Urine DNA<i>®</i> Isolation Kit; C+, positive control (<i>S. mansoni</i> DNA, 1 ng/µL); C−, negative control (ultrapure water); M, molecular weight marker XIII (Roche).</p

PCR for <i>Schistosoma</i> spp. <i>and S. mansoni</i> in aliquots of 25 µL of artificial urine samples and mice urine samples as DNA source using the Urine DNA® Isolation Kit as the DNA extraction method.

<p>Agarose gel electrophoresis of <i>Schistosoma</i> genus-specific PCR products of 877 bp and <i>S. mansoni</i> species-specific products of 350 bp in fresh healthy artificial urine samples (A) and in urine from mice (B) using aliquots of 25 µL for DNA extraction. 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10: ng of DNA added to aliquots; 1–4: numbers of mice; C+, positive control (<i>S. mansoni</i> DNA, 1 ng/µL); C−, negative control (ultrapure water); M, molecular weight marker XIII (Roche).</p

Specific PCR results in human urine samples collected from 73 immigrants with parasitologically confirmed schistosomiasis.

a<p>Parasitologically Confirmed Schistosomiasis.</p

PCR for <i>Schistosoma</i> spp. <i>and S. mansoni</i> in artificial urine samples as DNA source using commercial kits as DNA extraction methods.

<p>Agarose gel electrophoresis of <i>Schistosoma</i> genus-specific PCR products of 877 bp (A) and <i>S. mansoni</i> species-specific products of 350 bp (B), respectively, obtained in fresh healthy artificial urine samples using three commercially available DNA extraction kits: FitAmp™ Urine DNA Isolation Kit (FitAmp), NucleoSpin® DNA Trace Kit (Trace), and Urine DNA® Isolation Kit (Urine). 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40: ng of DNA added to aliquots of 5 mL, 3 mL and 2 mL of urine. Volumes recommended by the manufacturers to increase DNA recovery from urine samples are indicated in brackets; C+, positive control (<i>S. mansoni</i> DNA, 1 ng/µL); C−, negative control (ultrapure water); M, molecular weight marker XIII (Roche).</p

PCR for <i>S. mansoni</i> in patientś urine samples infected with <i>S. mansoni</i> as DNA source using the Urine DNA® Isolation Kit as the DNA extraction method.

<p>Agarose gel electrophoresis of <i>Schistosoma</i> species-specific PCR product of 350 bp obtained in four human urine samples from patients infected with <i>S. mansoni</i> (12, 40, 45, 49) using a volume of 1.75 mL (A) and 50 µL (B) of urine for DNA extraction using the Urine DNA<i>®</i> Isolation Kit; C+, positive control (<i>S. mansoni</i> DNA, 1 ng/µL); C−, negative control (ultrapure water); M, molecular weight marker XIII (Roche).</p

Comparison of cost, processing time and other miscellaneous aspects among the evaluated DNA extraction methods.

a<p>Time required to obtain extracted DNA, including hands-on time and incubation periods.</p

Estimation of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios by Rapid-Heat LAMPellet method against standard parasitological test (microscopy) for current study for identifying <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> infection in patients´ urine samples.

<p>PPV, Positive Predictive Value</p><p>NPV, Negative Predictive Value</p><p>Estimation of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios by Rapid-Heat LAMPellet method against standard parasitological test (microscopy) for current study for identifying <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> infection in patients´ urine samples.</p

Lamp primer set targeting the selected sequence (GenBank Accession No. AJ223838) for ribosomal intergenic spacer <i>S</i>. <i>haematobium</i> DNA region amplification.

<p>(A) The location of the LAMP primers within the selected sequence is shown. Arrows indicate the direction of extension. (B). Sequence of LAMP primers: F3, forward outer primer; B3, reverse outer primer; FIP, forward inner primer (comprising F1c and F2 sequences); BIP, reverse inner primer (comprising B1c and B2 sequences); LF (loop forward primer); LB (loop backward primer).</p

Examination of aliquots of urinary sediment (pellets) from <i>S</i>. <i>haematobium</i>-positive patients´ urine samples by LAMP.

<p>Figure shows the LAMP results (up, by color change; down, by agarose electrophoresis) when using aliquots of 100 μL of pellets to obtain DNA as template by using (A) the i-genomic Urine DNA Extraction Mini Kit (Intron Biotechnology, UK); (B) the heating NaOH-SDS method and (C) the rapid heating method-the rapid-heat LAMPellet method-. Lanes M: 50 bp DNA ladder (Molecular weight marker XIII, Roche); lanes Sh: genomic DNA from <i>S</i>. <i>haematobium</i> (1 ng); lanes 1–18: <i>S</i>. <i>haematobium</i>-positive samples; lanes N: negative controls (no DNA template).</p