Quantitative and qualitative diagnostic of urban trees squares in Aracaju, SE, Brazil

Aracaju is a city that was planned with geometric precision and simplicity. Since its settlement, it has gone through constant changes in its urban environment. Due to these changes, fewer green areas remain in the urban environment. Well-planned urban afforestation is very important, once trees provide benefits to the city in ecological (climate and pollution), biological (physical health of human beings) and psychological (mental health of population) processes. However, the absence of afforestation planning and the use of inappropriate species are the main obstacles to achieving these benefits. This study was carried out to evaluate the floristic composition of twenty-two main squares in Aracaju-SE, as a way to know the current status and allow some interventions to improve the technical adequacy of urban green space. The floristic survey was conducted by means of a Census, from September 2006 until July 2007, in each square making the recognition and identification of all trees present using traditional methods and herborization.Aracaju foi uma cidade planejada com simplicidade e rigor geométrico. Desde a sua fundação, ela vem passando por constantes alterações, havendo cada vez menos áreas verdes no ambiente urbano. A arborização urbana bem planejada é muito importante, pois as árvores trazem benefícios à cidade nos processos de ordens ecológica (clima e poluição), biológica (saúde física do homem) e psicológica (saúde mental do homem). Porém, a falta de planejamento dessa arborização e o uso inadequado de algumas espécies são empecilhos para se atingirem esses benefícios. Dessa forma, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a composição florística de 22 praças de Aracaju, SE, como forma de conhecer a atual situação de sua arborização e possibilitar intervenções para melhorar a adequação técnica do espaço verde urbano. O levantamento florístico foi realizado através de censo, no período de setembro de 2006 a julho de 2007, em cada praça, com o reconhecimento e identificação de todos os indivíduos arbóreos, utilizando-se as técnicas tradicionais de coleta e herborização. Realizou-se a identificação das espécies com o auxílio de literatura específica. Foram identificados 1.290 indivíduos, distribuídos em 20 famílias botânicas, 46 gêneros e 64 espécies, sendo nove espécies não identificadas. Das espécies identificadas, 58% são exóticas no território brasileiro e 42%, espécies nativas. As praças apresentam similaridade entre si, com coeficiente de Jaccard variando de 0,00 a 0,66, e a Praça Almirante Tamandaré e a Praça Graccho Cardoso foram as de maior similaridade (66%).Viçosa, M

Strategies to increase HIV testing among men who have sex with men and transgender women: an integrative review

Abstract Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) are disproportionately affected by HIV, with much higher incidence and prevalence rates than in the general population in different countries. There are several barriers to testing among MSM and TGW, such as low risk perception, anticipation of HIV-related stigma, discrimination of sexual orientation, in addition to difficulties related to care and access to health services. Therefore, analyzing the available evidence of the effectiveness of strategies for scaling up HIV testing among key populations is essential to point out potential knowledge gaps which may need to be addressed and develop public health policies to promote testing and early diagnosis of HIV infection. Methods An integrative review was carried out to evaluate strategies for scaling up HIV testing in these populations. Search strategy was performed on eight electronic databases, without language restriction. We included clinical trials, quasi-experimental studies, and non-randomized studies. Study selection and data extraction were both performed independently by pairs and disagreements were solved by a third revisor. The screening of the studies was carried out through the selection of titles/abstracts and the reading of the full texts of the pre-selected studies based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Data extraction was performed using a structured form. Results Thirty-seven publications referring to 35 studies were included, mostly being carried out in the United States of America and Australia. No studies were found evaluating disaggregated data on TGW. The studies were grouped into four types of intervention strategies: self-test distribution system (n = 10), organization of health services (n = 9), peer education (n = 6), and social marketing campaign (n = 10). Strategies that focused on the first three groups, combined or not, were more effective in increasing HIV testing among MSM. Conclusions Considering the diversity of interventions and the methodological heterogeneity of the included studies, strategies especially involving self-test distribution systems, associated with new information and communication technologies, should be evaluated in different communities and social contexts. Research evaluating specific studies on TGW population is still needed

Teses sobre hepatites na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 1837-2000 Theses on hepatitis at the Faculdade de Medicina of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 1837-2000

Apresenta inventário das teses sobre hepatites da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro entre 1837 e 2000. A análise indica potencialidades e limites para discussão do quadro evolutivo do conhecimento científico no Brasil sobre esses agravos. As teses também são discutidas à luz de seus referenciais científicos e das mudanças tecnológicas e sociais que as influenciaram. Identificam-se e categorizam-se os marcos do ensino médico e do conhecimento sobre as hepatites, considerando que as teses revelam, no mínimo, o estado da arte de seu objeto. O estudo permitiu explorar as bases em que os saberes científicos sobre as hepatites foram construídos e indicar possibilidades de pesquisas na reconstrução do conhecimento científico de outros agravos.<br>An inventory of the theses on hepatitis of the Faculdade de Medicina of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro between 1837 and 2000 is presented. The analysis indicates the potential and limits for discussion of the evolutionary framework of scientific knowledge on these health problems in Brazil. The theories are also discussed in light of their scientific reference points and the technological and social changes that influenced them. The landmarks in medical education and knowledge about hepatitis are identified and categorized, considering that the theses reveal at the very least the state of the art on the subject. The study makes it possible to explore the foundations upon which the scientific knowledge on hepatitis were built and indicate possibilities for research in the reconstruction of scientific knowledge of other health problems