Moisture behaviour and biological durability of wood‐polymer composites

In recent years wood-polymer composites appears at the European market more frequently, mainly in decking applications as an alternative for durable tropical hardwood decking. This study focuses on extruded decking products based on polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) or polyvinylchloride (PVC) and wood flour. All products are commercially available on the Belgian market. Initially WPC’s were said to be resistant for biological degradation as the wood particles should be encapsulated by the polymer, but over the years several cases of fungal decay of WPC have been reported. Therefore the moisture behaviour of the different WPC decking materials was first assessed by various moistening methods to determine if the moisture content can reach levels that initiate fungal growth. Concerning this, WPC shows better results than the traditional wood composites like particle board, MDF or OSB, but clearly absorbs sufficient moisture to be critical if sorption time is long enough. Therefore, when biological durability is tested, an adequate standard, more specific for WPC products, is needed in stead of just copying the standards designed for wooden panel products. For WPC materials a moistening pre-treatment is needed prior to the proper fungal test to include moistening time as a critical factor for assessing biological durability of these materials. Furthermore placing the products in a fungal control unit that evaluates the susceptibility for airborne surface stains revealed different results and showed that fungi grew earlier and faster on weathered samples. Concluding, in spite of the different composition of the tested products, no product was significantly better or worse than the other concerning the moisture behaviour. Furthermore only a few products were to a small extent covered by moulds in the fungal control unit

Charcoal from the Congo Basin : palaeo-botanical evidence for climate change?

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Growth trends reveal the forest structure during Roman and Medieval times in Western Europe: a comparison between archaeological and actual oak ring series (Quercus robur and Quercus petraea)

At some point in time, man has influenced nearly all forests in Western Europe. Most of the original forest cover has been converted to arable land and pastures, or has been cut for the supply of firewood and construction timber. In order to secure a sustainable source of firewood, the structure of the remaining forests was often altered. Especially coppice of European oak became increasingly popular during the Roman era and the Middle Ages. Ring-width series of oak trees from Roman times and Medieval settlements were recorded. In order to extract more detailed information regarding past forest structure and management, those series were compared to growth patterns of contemporary oak. The modern oaks were selected on forests sites in Flanders (northern Belgium) with well-known structure and management. Some remarkable similarities in growth patterns were observed. These findings yield tentative assumptions regarding past forest structure and management.Les tendances de croissance révèlent la structure des forêts en Europe Occidentale aux époques Romaines et Médiévales : comparaison entre séries d'accroissements annuels archéologiques et contemporains (Quercus robur et Q. petraea). Au cours de l’histoire, l’homme a influencé quasiment toutes les forêts en Europe. De grandes surfaces boisées ont été transformées en champs et pâtis ou ont été abattues pour récolter du bois de chauffage et de construction. Pour s’assurer d’une source durable de bois de chauffage, la structure des forêts restantes a souvent été adaptée. Surtout les bois de taillis de chêne sont devenus très populaires pendant la période romaine et au Moyen Âge. Des séries dendrochronologiques de chênes provenant d’établissements romains et médiévaux ont été analysées. Pour obtenir plus d’informations précises concernant la structure et la gestion des forêts antérieures, les séries ont été comparées avec celles de chênes contemporains. Ces chênes modernes ont été sélectionnés dans des forêts, avec des structures bien connues, situées en Flandres (Belgique). Quelques similarités remarquables observées dans les modèles de croissance ont permis de formuler des hypothèses concernant la structure et l’aménagement des forêts antérieures

Modelling cavity ventilation behind brick veneer cladding : how reliable are the common assumptions?

Throughout the years, different numerical HAM-simulation tools have been developed to assess and predict the heat, air and moisture response of building components. But, though commercially available and commonly applied in building practice, still, several simplifications and shortcomings exist in the common models. Probably the most important one, is the fact that most tools neglect or strongly simplify air transport, focusing only on heat and moisture transport. Especially for the analysis of wood frame constructions, these simplified models may cause a large discrepancy between simulation results and real performance. This study aims at a comparison of the outcomes of numerical HAM -simulations for wood frame constructions with experimental data of real test cases. In particular, the focus of this paper is on cavity ventilation behind brick veneer. Therefore, a simplified version of a wood frame wall with brick veneer cladding is studied in this paper. Different common modelling assumptions are compared. Furthermore, a detailed measuring campaign has been conducted at the VLIET test building of the KU Leuven to validate the different modelling approaches. By verifying the results of the numerical simulations by the data of real test cases, the reliability of the modelling assumptions can be analysed. The results of this study clearly show that simplified assumptions on cavity ventilation in HAM-models might cause large discrepancies between simulation results and in-situ measurements

Predispositions and symptoms of Agrilus borer attack in declining oak trees

International audienceThis paper presents results of a semi-quantitative study on the role of Agrilus biguttatus F. in oak decline in Belgium. Larvae of this insect breed in living subcortical tissues of European oak. Several factors favouring attacks are discussed, among which the overall health condition and the local physical and biochemical status of the host tree. Larvae, feeding galleries, pupae, imago and D-shaped emergence-holes of A. biguttatus were observed exclusively in declining and recently dead oaks. Attacks start in the south-facing, sun-exposed parts of the subcrown stem, with a preference for thicker-barked trees or similar areas within declining trees. The feeding of early larval stages induces subcortical necrosis and longitudinal bark cracking. The more destructive tunnelling of advanced larval stages cuts functional vessels and phloem elements, which enhances the decline. In conclusion, effects on wood quality and suitable control options are discussed.Prédispositions et symptômes d'attaques d'Agrilus dans des chênes dépérissants. Nous présentons les résultats d'une étude semi-quantitative portant sur le rôle du Coléoptère Agrilus biguttatus F. dans le dépérissement de chênes en Belgique. Les larves de cet insecte s'attaquent au xylème et au phloème vivants. Plusieurs facteurs favorisant les attaques sont discutés. Parmi ces facteurs, la santé générale et les états physiques et biochimiques locaux de l'arbre hôte semblent être décisifs pour permettre sa colonisation. Des larves, des galeries sous-corticales, des nymphes, des adultes et des trous d'émergence en forme de D d'A. biguttatus ont été trouvés uniquement dans des chênes dépérissants ou morts récemment. Les attaques commencent dans les parties ensoleillées de l'arbre situées en dessous de la couronne et exposées vers le sud, avec une préférence pour des arbres ou des zones de l'arbre qui sont affaiblis et qui ont une écorce épaisse. Les larves juvéniles endommagent le cambium vasculaire et provoquent ainsi une fissuration longitudinale dans l'écorce. Les galeries des stades larvaires plus avancés coupent des éléments de xylème et de phloème fonctionnels et stimulent ainsi le dépérissement. Pour conclure, les effets sur la qualité du bois et des mesures de contrôle adéquates sont discutés

End-use related physical and mechanical properties of selected fast-growing poplar hybrids (Populus trichocarpa x P-deltoides)

This study focused on physical and mechanical properties of fast-growing poplar clones in relation to potential end uses with high added value. A total of 14 trees from three different clones, all P. trichocarpa x deltoides (T x D) hybrids, were felled in a poplar plantation in Lille (Belgium): six 'Beaupre', four 'Hazendans' and four 'Hoogvorst'. Growth rate was found to have no significant influence on the physical mechanical properties. Although the investigated clones are genetically closely related, important variations in physical and mechanical properties were observed. Specific features such as spatial distribution of tension wood and dimensional stability are the main quality factors. It was concluded that 'Beaupre' is suitable for a wide range of high value added applications, such as plywood or construction wood. 'Hazendans' and 'Hoogvorst' will need adapted technology in processing. Further research is needed to characterize clonally induced variation in properties and to assess adequate processing strategies for multiclonal poplar stands