Problemas de gestión asociados al liderazgo como función directiva

El presente artículo presenta resultados de un estudio que busca identificar los problemas de gestión que reconocen los Director/as de escuelas municipales urbanas de la provincia de Concepción, y el orden de importancia que asignan a cada uno de ellos. La mayoría de los problemas enunciados son atribuibles a factores y actores externos no asociados directamente al proceso de aprendizaje y la enseñanza en el aula, considerando que las escuelas municipales que atienden a sectores vulnerables no presentan resultados educativos satisfactorios a nivel nacional, lo que se refleja en las mediciones estandarizadas aplicadas por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile

Percepciones sobre la trayectoria socio-académica de estudiantes participantes del Programa Propedéutico de la Universidad de Concepción

En Chile se han buscado diferentes estrategias para disminuir la brecha existente entre los estudiantes socioeconómicamente más aventajados y los alumnos más vulnerables del sistema educacional, tanto en el acceso como en el egreso de la educación superior. Una de estas estrategias es la conformación de programas propedéuticos, que se han ido instalando como una vía de acceso a la universidad para aquellos estudiantes de colegios vulnerables que tienen buen rendimiento. Considerando esto, el presente estudio analiza las percepciones respecto de las trayectorias sociales que emergen en el discurso de estudiantes regulares del Programa Propedéutico de la Universidad de Concepción (UdeC). Destacan, en dicho discurso, al menos cuatro elementos de análisis: a) la tensión entre la trayectoria socio-familiar y la expectativa personal, b) la tensión entre la trayectoria personal y la expectativa socio-familiar; c) la tensión entre expectativas de trayectoria social opuestas; y d) la tensión entre los elementos estructurales y las expectativas de trayectoria

Problemas de gestão associados à liderança como função diretiva

El presente artículo presenta resultados de un estudio que busca identificar los problemas de gestión que reconocen los Director/as de escuelas municipales urbanas de la provincia de Concepción, y el orden de importancia que asignan a cada uno de ellos. La mayoría de los problemas enunciados son atribuibles a factores y actores externos no asociados directamente al proceso de aprendizaje y la enseñanza en el aula, considerando que las escuelas municipales que atienden a sectores vulnerables no presentan resultados educativos satisfactorios a nivel nacional, lo que se refleja en las mediciones estandarizadas aplicadas por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile. === === ABSTRACT === === This paper presents the results of a study that intends to identify management problems recognized by the Head Teachers of urban municipal schools of the province of Concepción and the order of importance they assign to each of them. The majority of the problems expressed can be attributed to external factors and agents not directly connected with the teaching-learning process in the classroom. It is possible to indicate that municipal schools that serve vulnerable sectors do not display satisfactory educational results at national levels, which is reflected in the standardized measurements applied by Ministry of Education of Chile. === === RESUMO === === Apresentam-se resultados de estudo que objetiva identificar os problemas de gestão reconhecidos por Diretores(as) das escolas municipais urbanas da província de Concepción e a ordem de importância dada a cada um dos problemas identificados. A maioria dos problemas enunciados são atriuídos a fatores e sujeitos externos não associados diretamente ao processo ensino-aprendizagem dos esatudantes, em salas aula. Ressalta-se que as escolas municipais atendem a setores vulneráveis e apresentam resultados insatisfatórios, em nível nacional, o que se reflete nas avaliações externas propostas Ministério da Educação do Chile

Detection of a tadalafil analogue as an adulterant in a dietary supplement for erectile dysfunction

INTRODUCTION: Several cases of adulteration of dietary supplements with tadalafil, sildenafil, and vardenafil, or their unapproved analogues have been reported worldwide. Mainly, the presence of the latter represents a serious health risk to consumers as their efficacy and toxic effects have not been assessed and may result in unpredictable adverse effects. AIM: To investigate the suspected adulteration with synthetic phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors in a dietary supplement marketed in Argentina for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: The content of the capsules of the dietary supplement (sample A) was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) diode-array detection. From the organic extract of sample A, a major compound was purified by column chromatography (CC). The isolated compound was identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and carbon NMR (13C NMR), heteronuclear single quantum coherence, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT 135), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet, and infrared (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectroscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Proof of adulteration of herbal products with synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors. RESULTS: By TLC and HPLC analysis, a major compound was detected in sample A organic extract. The purification of this extract by CC led to the isolation of a pure compound which was identified according to its spectral data as (6R,12aR)-2-amino-6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydropyrazino [1',2':1,6] pyrido [3,4-b] indole-1,4-dione or aminotadalafil. CONCLUSIONS: An unapproved PDE-5 inhibitor analogue, which was identified as aminotadalafil, has been detected in a dietary supplement. This study represents the first report in Latin America and one of the few independent studies of an adulteration with an unapproved PDE-5 inhibitor of an herbal product for ED treatment.Fil: Ulloa, Jerónimo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Farmacología. Cátedra de Farmacognosia; ArgentinaFil: Sambrotta, Luis Jorge. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Laboratorio Nacional de Investigaciones y Servicios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Redko, Flavia del Carmen. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Farmacología. Cátedra de Farmacognosia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; ArgentinaFil: Mazza, Osvaldo Néstor. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Garrido, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Becher, Edgardo F.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Muschietti, Liliana Victoria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Farmacología. Cátedra de Farmacognosia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; Argentin

Apixaban versus Enoxaparin for Thromboprophylaxis in Medically Ill Patients

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of prolonging prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in medically ill patients beyond hospital discharge remain uncertain. We hypothesized that extended prophylaxis with apixaban would be safe and more effective than short-term prophylaxis with enoxaparin. METHODS: In this double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned acutely ill patients who had congestive heart failure or respiratory failure or other medical disorders and at least one additional risk factor for venous thromboembolism and who were hospitalized with an expected stay of at least 3 days to receive apixaban, administered orally at a dose of 2.5 mg twice daily for 30 days, or enoxaparin, administered subcutaneously at a dose of 40 mg once daily for 6 to 14 days. The primary efficacy outcome was the 30-day composite of death related to venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis, or asymptomatic proximal-leg deep-vein thrombosis, as detected with the use of systematic bilateral compression ultrasonography on day 30. The primary safety outcome was bleeding. All efficacy and safety outcomes were independently adjudicated. RESULTS: A total of 6528 subjects underwent randomization, 4495 of whom could be evaluated for the primary efficacy outcome--2211 in the apixaban group and 2284 in the enoxaparin group. Among the patients who could be evaluated, 2.71% in the apixaban group (60 patients) and 3.06% in the enoxaparin group (70 patients) met the criteria for the primary efficacy outcome (relative risk with apixaban, 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62 to 1.23; P=0.44). By day 30, major bleeding had occurred in 0.47% of the patients in the apixaban group (15 of 3184 patients) and in 0.19% of the patients in the enoxaparin group (6 of 3217 patients) (relative risk, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.02 to 7.24; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In medically ill patients, an extended course of thromboprophylaxis with apixaban was not superior to a shorter course with enoxaparin. Apixaban was associated with significantly more major bleeding events than was enoxaparin. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00457002.)