Effect of supplemental feeding on yolk testosterone.

<p>Concentration of testosterone in yolks of black-legged kittiwakes by laying order (A or B egg), treatment (fed or unfed) and year (2003 and 2004). N = 10 for all treatments and years except n = 7 for unfed 2004. Means ± SEM.</p

Effect of supplemental feeding on differences in yolk testosterone within a clutch.

<p>The difference in yolk testosterone levels between B and A eggs (“T_diff” = B egg T (ng/g)−A egg T (ng/g)) in fed and unfed black-legged kittiwake nests in two years). N = 10 for all treatments and years except n = 7 for unfed 2004. Means ± SEM.</p

Top models explaining variation in egg mass, yolk androgens and survival, identified using the information-theoretic approach and Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample size (AICc).

<p>k is the number of parameters in the model, W_i is the Akaike weight calculated over all candidate models and the evidence ratio reflects the relative likelihood that model i is better than the best model (see Methods for details). “Egg” refers to A or B egg, “chick” refers to A or B chick.</p

Effect of supplemental feeding on egg mass.

<p>Fresh mass of whole black-legged kittiwake eggs by laying order (A or B egg), treatment (fed or unfed) and year (2003 and 2004). N = 10 for all treatments and years except n = 7 for unfed 2004. Means ± SEM.</p

The relationship between differences in yolk testosterone within a clutch (“T_diff”) and B-chick survival.

<p>T_diff (the difference in yolk testosterone between B and A eggs) is related non-linearly to the probability of survival for B chicks in each year/treatment. Yolk testosterone and survival data were collected from different nests. For T_diff, n = 10 for all treatments and years except n = 7 for unfed 2004. For B chick survival in 2003, unfed n = 49, fed n = 36; for 2004, unfed n = 34, fed n = 46. Mean ± SEM.</p

Effect of supplemental feeding on yolk androstenedione.

<p>Concentration of androstenedione in yolks of black-legged kittiwake eggs by laying order (A or B egg), treatment (fed or unfed) and year (2003 and 2004). N = 10 for all treatments and years except n = 7 for unfed 2004. Means ± SEM.</p

complete experimental data

File containing DEE, fT3, body temperature and cort measurements of manipulated an control nest

BLKI Data_forDRYAD

This file contains all the data used in the paper: physiological, morphological, and molecular data for Black-legged Kittiwake chicks in 2009 and 2011 from Middleton Island, Alaska. It includes chicks in supplementally fed nests and non-fed nests, chicks in experimentally enlarged nests (including fosters), and chicks in control nests of 2 natural chicks

Relationship between plasma levels of total T3 and FMR (panel <i>A</i>), and mass-independent FMR (residuals of FMR (log) regressed on body mass, panel <i>B</i>) in chick-rearing black-legged kittiwakes in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in 2010.

<p>Open symbols denote females and closed symbols denote males.</p

Mean (±SE) body mass, plasma levels of T3 and metabolic rates of chick-rearing of male and female kittiwakes in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. 12 males and 12 females were sampled in 2001, 24 females and 25 males were sampled in 2010.

<p>Mean (±SE) body mass, plasma levels of T3 and metabolic rates of chick-rearing of male and female kittiwakes in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. 12 males and 12 females were sampled in 2001, 24 females and 25 males were sampled in 2010.</p