Приоритетная форма интеграции предприятий химического комплекса Украины

В статье обоснована приоритетная форма интеграции предприятий химического комплекса Украины. Определены задачи, механизмы, принципы и поэтапный план формирования интегрированной структуры.У статті обґрунтована пріоритетна форма інтеграції підприємств хімічного комплексу України. Визначено задачі, механізми, принципи і поетапний план формування інтегрованої структури.In article the priority form of integration of the enterprises of a chemical complex of Ukraine is proved. Problems (tasks), mechanisms, principles and the stage-by-stage plan of formation of the integrated structure are determined

Констpукції з прийменником з як адвербіальні синтаксеми

Статья касается проблемы семантического арсенала конструкции из предлогом з как адвербиальной синтаксемы. Характеризуется возможность употребления этой конструкции як адвербиальной синтaксемы. Приводятся примеры функционирования этой конструкции как каузальной, темпоральной и целевой синтаксемы.Стаття стосується проблеми семантичного арсеналу конструкції з прийменником з як адвербіальної синтаксеми. Характеризується можливість вживання цієї конструкції як адвербіальної синтаксеми. Наводяться приклади функціонування цієї конструкції як темпоральної, причинової і цільової синтаксеми.The article concerns the problem of semantic arsenal of construction with as adverbial syntactic units. Is ability of usage in the sentence as adverbial syntactic units is characterized. The examples of the functioning of this construction as temporal causal purpose syntaxems are given

Advancing the use of passive sampling in risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments: Results of an international passive sampling inter-laboratory comparison

This work presents the results of an international interlaboratory comparison on ex situ passive sampling in sediments. The main objectives were to map the state of the science in passively sampling sediments, identify sources of variability, provide recommendations and practical guidance for standardized passive sampling, and advance the use of passive sampling in regulatory decision making by increasing confidence in the use of the technique. The study was performed by a consortium of 11 laboratories and included experiments with 14 passive sampling formats on 3 sediments for 25 target chemicals (PAHs and PCBs). The resulting overall interlaboratory variability was large (a factor of ∼10), but standardization of methods halved this variability. The remaining variability was primarily due to factors not related to passive sampling itself, i.e., sediment heterogeneity and analytical chemistry. Excluding the latter source of variability, by performing all analyses in one laboratory, showed that passive sampling results can have a high precision and a very low intermethod variability

Polyethylene-Water and Polydimethylsiloxane-Water Partition Coefficients for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Influence of Polymer Source and Proposed Best Available Values

For most passive sampling applications, the availability of accurate passive sampler–water partition coefficients (Kp-w) is of key importance. Unfortunately, a huge variability exists in literature Kp-w values, in particular for hydrophobic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This variability is a major source of concern in the passive sampling community, which would benefit from high-quality Kp-w data. Hence, in the present study “best available” PAH and PCB Kp-w values are proposed for the two most often applied passive sampling materials, that is, low-density polyethylene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), based on (1) a critical assessment of existing literature data, and (2) new Kp-w determinations for polyethylene and PDMS, with both polymers coming in six different versions (suppliers, thicknesses). The experimental results indicated that Kp-w values for PDMS are independent of the source, thus allowing straightforward standardization. In contrast, Kp-w values for polyethylene from different sources differed by up to 30%. Defining best available Kp-w values for this polymer therefore may require standardization of the polymer source. Application of the proposed best available Kp-w values will substantially improve the accuracy of freely dissolved concentration results by users and the potential for comparisons across laboratories. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1370–1380.

Determining octanol-water partition coefficients for extremely hydrophobic chemicals by combining 'slow stirring' and solid phase micro extraction

Octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow ) are widely used in fate and effects modelling of chemicals. Still, high quality experimental Kow data are scarce, in particular for very hydrophobic chemicals. This hampers reliable assessments of several fate and effect parameters and the development and validation of new models. One reason for the limited availability of experimental values may relate to the challenging nature of Kow measurements. In the present study, Kow values for 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined with the gold standard 'slow stirring' method (logKow 4.6-7.2). These values were then used as reference data for the development of an alternative method for measuring Kow . This approach combined slow stirring and equilibrium sampling of the extremely low aqueous concentrations with polydimethylsiloxane-coated solid phase micro extraction (SPME) fibers, applying experimentally-determined fiber-water partition coefficients. It resulted in Kow values matching the slow stirring data very well. Therefore, the method was subsequently applied to a series of 17 moderately to extremely hydrophobic petrochemical compounds. The obtained Kow values spanned almost 6 orders of magnitude, with the highest value measuring 10(10.6) . The present study thereby demonstrates that the hydrophobicity domain within which experimental Kow measurements are possible can be extended with the help of SPME; and that experimentally-determined Kow values can exceed the proposed upper limit of 10(9) . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Determining octanol-water partition coefficients for extremely hydrophobic chemicals by combining 'slow stirring' and solid phase micro extraction

Octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow ) are widely used in fate and effects modelling of chemicals. Still, high quality experimental Kow data are scarce, in particular for very hydrophobic chemicals. This hampers reliable assessments of several fate and effect parameters and the development and validation of new models. One reason for the limited availability of experimental values may relate to the challenging nature of Kow measurements. In the present study, Kow values for 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined with the gold standard 'slow stirring' method (logKow 4.6-7.2). These values were then used as reference data for the development of an alternative method for measuring Kow . This approach combined slow stirring and equilibrium sampling of the extremely low aqueous concentrations with polydimethylsiloxane-coated solid phase micro extraction (SPME) fibers, applying experimentally-determined fiber-water partition coefficients. It resulted in Kow values matching the slow stirring data very well. Therefore, the method was subsequently applied to a series of 17 moderately to extremely hydrophobic petrochemical compounds. The obtained Kow values spanned almost 6 orders of magnitude, with the highest value measuring 10(10.6) . The present study thereby demonstrates that the hydrophobicity domain within which experimental Kow measurements are possible can be extended with the help of SPME; and that experimentally-determined Kow values can exceed the proposed upper limit of 10(9) . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Does Equilibrium Passive Sampling Reflect Actual in Situ Bioaccumulation of PAHs and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Aquatic Worms?

Over the past couple of years, several analytical methods have been developed for assessing the bioavailability of environmental contaminants in sediments and soils. Comparison studies suggest that equilibrium passive sampling methods generally provide the better estimates of internal concentrations in organisms and thus of subsequent risks. However, field studies to validate the potential of passive sampling to predict actual in situ bioaccumulation are scarce and limited information only exists on selected, individual compounds. The present study investigated whether bioaccumulation of PAH and complex petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures in field-exposed aquatic worms could be predicted properly with passive samplers. To this end, in situ bioaccumulation in aquatic worms at 6 PAH-contaminated locations and 8 petroleum hydrocarbon (oil)-contaminated locations was compared with the results of in situ solid phase micro extraction (SPME) applications. For the oil-contaminated sediments, bioaccumulation was also assessed in the lab with polyoxymethylene solid phase extraction (POM-SPE). Actual PAH bioaccumulation was generally predicted within a factor of 4 with in situ SPME, using temperature-adjusted SPME fiber-water partition coefficients and lab-derived bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for the worm species used, demonstrating the method’s potential under field conditions. In situ SPME appeared to be less suitable for predicting bioaccumulation of oil however, in contrast to POM-SPE in the lab, which assessed in situ oil bioaccumulation within a factor of 3, while also closely reflecting the actual distribution of oil boiling point fractions (the hydrocarbon block profile) as accumulated by the worms. All in all, the results indicated that (specific) equilibrium passive samplers, either applied in the field or the lab, have great potential for assessing bioaccumulation of environmental contaminant mixtures from field-contaminated sediments

Polyethylene-Water and Polydimethylsiloxane-Water Partition Coefficients for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Influence of Polymer Source and Proposed Best Available Values

For most passive sampling applications, the availability of accurate passive sampler–water partition coefficients (Kp-w) is of key importance. Unfortunately, a huge variability exists in literature Kp-w values, in particular for hydrophobic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This variability is a major source of concern in the passive sampling community, which would benefit from high-quality Kp-w data. Hence, in the present study “best available” PAH and PCB Kp-w values are proposed for the two most often applied passive sampling materials, that is, low-density polyethylene and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), based on (1) a critical assessment of existing literature data, and (2) new Kp-w determinations for polyethylene and PDMS, with both polymers coming in six different versions (suppliers, thicknesses). The experimental results indicated that Kp-w values for PDMS are independent of the source, thus allowing straightforward standardization. In contrast, Kp-w values for polyethylene from different sources differed by up to 30%. Defining best available Kp-w values for this polymer therefore may require standardization of the polymer source. Application of the proposed best available Kp-w values will substantially improve the accuracy of freely dissolved concentration results by users and the potential for comparisons across laboratories. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1370–1380