7 research outputs found

    Size Dependence of Steric Shielding and Multivalency Effects for Globular Binding Inhibitors

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    Competitive binding inhibitors based on multivalent nanoparticles have shown great potential for preventing virus infections. However, general design principles of highly efficient inhibitors are lacking as the quantitative impact of factors such as virus concentration, inhibitor size, steric shielding, or multivalency effects in the inhibition process is not known. Based on two complementary experimental inhibition assays we determined size- dependent steric shielding and multivalency effects. This allowed us to adapt the Cheng–Prusoff equation for its application to multivalent systems. Our results show that the particle and volume normalized IC50 value of an inhibitor at very low virus concentration predominantly depends on its multivalent association constant, which itself exponentially increases with the inhibitor/virus contact area and ligand density. Compared to multivalency effects, the contribution of steric shielding to the IC50 values is only minor, and its impact is only noticeable if the multivalent dissociation constant is far below the virus concentration, which means if all inhibitors are bound to the virus. The dependence of the predominant effect, either steric shielding or multivalency, on the virus concentration has significant implications on the in vitro testing of competitive binding inhibitors and determines optimal inhibitor diameters for the efficient inhibition of viruses

    Multivalenz-assoziierte Eigenschaften von polysulfatierten Nanomaterialien in biomedizinischen Anwendungen

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    1\. Introduction 1.1 Multivalency and binding inhibition 1.1.1 Definition and quantification of multivalency 1.1.2 Multivalency in competitive binding inhibition 1.2 Polysulfates and their biological interactions 1.2.1 Anti- inflammatory properties of polysulfates 1.2.3 Polyanions and their application as viral entry inhibitors 1.3 Inorganic nanomaterials for biomedical applications 1.3.1 Stability of colloidal dispersions – The DLVO theory 1.3.2 Biocompatibility of colloids 1.3.3 Synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles 1.3.4 Stabilizing ligands and functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles 1.3.5 Material-derived properties and applications of inorganic nanomaterials 1.3.6 Dimension-derived properties and applications of inorganic nanomaterials 2\. Motivation and Objective 3\. Publications and Manuscripts 3.1 Polyglycerolsulfate functionalized gold nanorods as optoacoustic signal nanoamplifiers for in vivo bioimaging of rheumatoid arthritis 3.2 Virus inhibition induced by polyvalent nanoparticles of different sizes 3.3 Size Dependence of Steric Shielding and Multivalency Effects for Globular Binding Inhibitors 4\. Summary and Conclusion 5\. Outlook 6\. Abstract and Kurzzusammenfassung 6.1 Abstract 6.2 Kurzzusammenfassung 7\. ReferencesWithin the scope of this thesis, gold nanomaterials of different sizes and shapes were synthesized and functionalized with polyglycerolsulfates. Their targeting properties for inflammatory diseases as well as their application as virus entry inhibitors were evaluated, with special focus on the multivalent enhancement of their binding affinity to biological surfaces. The first part of my thesis was concerned with the synthesis and evaluation of polyglycerolsulfate functionalized gold nanorods (AuNR-dPGS) as contrast agent for the imaging of rheumatoid arthritis via multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). A novel procedure for the anionic functionalization of gold nanorods was established by a thermally induced ligand exchange of PEG1000-thiol with thioctic acid-dPGS 10 kDa. As a result, the prepared nanorods were significantly less cytotoxic than other polyanionic nanorods in the literature. The active targeting properties of AuNR-dPGS for inflammatory diseases could be affirmed in vitro and in vivo, which successfully showed that the large contact area of colloids with the biological surface results in strong binding affinities. The second part of my thesis was focused on a detailed investigation on the mechanism of globular binding inhibition and the possible application of polysulfated gold nanoparticles (AuNP-PGS) as viral entry inhibitors. The investigations on the size dependent inhibition of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with AuNP-PGS indicated that the inhibition potential of globular inhibtors is strongly size dependent and that the infection inhibition is based on the inhibition of the virus’ binding to the cells. The follow-up study elucidated the mechanism of competitive binding inhibition in detail. The effect of steric shielding and the multivalent enhancement of binding affinities due to larger contacts areas of inhibitors and binders on the competitive binding inhibition could be quantitatively described theoretical models. It is now possible to predict the optimal inhibitor sizes for mass efficient virus inhibition and rationally design competitive binding inhibitors.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Goldkolloide unterschiedlicher Form und Größe synthetisiert und mit Polyglycerinsulfaten beschichtet. Der mögliche Einsatz der Nanomaterialien zur gezielten Diagnostik von Entzündungskrankheiten sowie als Virusinhibitoren wurden untersucht, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Untersuchung der Multivalenz bedingten Verstärkung der Bindungsaffinitäten gelegt wurde. Der erste Teil meiner Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Synthese und Evaluation von Polyglycerinsulfat- funktionalisierten Goldnanostäbchen (AuNR-dPGS) als Kontrastmittel für die Abbildung von rheumatoider Arthritis mittels multispektraler optoakustischer Tomographie (MSOT). Auf Basis einer thermisch-induzierten Ligandenaustauschreaktion von PEG1000-Thiol mit Thioctsäure-dPGS 10 kDa wurde eine neuartige Methode zur anionischen Beschichtung von Goldnanostäbchen eingeführt, welche die Zytotoxizität der Stäbchen im Vergleich zu anderen Methoden in der Literatur signifikant verringerte. Die aktive Zielführung von AuNR-dPGS zu Entzündungskrankheiten konnte in in vitro sowie in vivo Experimenten bestätigt werden, wodurch erfolgreich gezeigte wurde, dass die großen Kontaktfläche von Kolloiden mit biologischen Oberflächen die Bindungsaffinitäten stark verstärken. Der zweite Teil meiner Arbeit war auf die mechanistische Aufklärung der kompetitiven Bindungsinhibition durch globuläre Inhibitoren und der möglichen Anwendung von polysulfatierten Goldnanopartikeln (AuNP-PGS) für die Inhibition von Virus-Zell Bindungen fokussiert. Die Untersuchungen zur größenabhängige Inhibition des Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) mittels AuNP-dPGS haben gezeigt, dass das Inhibitionspotential von globulären Inhibitoren stark größenabhängig ist und dass die Inhibition der Infektion hauptsächlich auf der Inhibition der Virus- Zell Bindung beruht. In dem darauffolgendem Projekt wurde der Mechanismus der kompetitiven Bindungsinhibition aufgeklärt. Die Auswirkungen der sterischen Abschirmung von Viren durch Inhibitoren sowie von Multivalenzeffekten auf die Bindungsinhibition konnten quantifiziert und mit theoretischen Modellen aufgeklärt werden. Optimale Durchmesser von globulären Inhibitoren können nun vorhergesagt werden, womit die Möglichkeit zur rationellen Entwicklung von Virusinhibitoren gegeben ist
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