Nitrogen species measurement investigation using two different FTIR

Current diesel engine after-treatment systems, such as Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR), use ammonia (NH3) to reduce the Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) into Nitrogen (N2) and water; however, if the reaction between ammonia and NOx unbalance this can lead either ammonia or NOx being released into the environment. Ammonia is classified as dangerous compound for the environment; therefore, accurate measurement of ammonia is essential. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) is one of the most common method used to measure raw emissions from engine exhaust pipes, due to its capability to measure multi-type emissions at the same time. However, not many FTIRs that can measure gas from engine exhaust, and most of them has different characteristics and specifications. These can affect the emission measurement from exhaust pipes and lead to uncertainties in meeting compliance demands. The work of this paper compares two FTIR that have different specifications. These FTIRs, have been compared under well controlled laboratory conditions. The concentration of ammonia and NOx from diesel engines has been measured under different engine load and speed. The ammonia readings from each FTIR are plotted into a graph and analysed, the results show that one of the FTIR produces a lower reading compare to the other FTIR. A Chemical Luminance Detector (CLD) was used to measure the NOx and then compared with both FTIRs. After analysed those dataset, the results clearly show the FTIR specification can affect the emission measurement from diesel engines exhaust

A comparison of ammonia measurements using fourier transform infrared and tuneable diode laser spectroscopy

Current diesel engine after-treatment systems such as Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) use ammonia (NH3) to reduce Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) into Nitrogen (N2) and water. However, if the reaction between NH3 and NOx is unbalanced, it can lead either to NH3 or NOx being released into the environment. As NH3 is classified as a hazardous compound on the environment, its accurate measurement is essential. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Tuneable Diode Laser (TDL) spectroscopy are two of the methods that can measure raw emissions from engine exhaust pipes, especially NH3. However, it is difficult to suggest which method is the right one for measuring NH3 from engine exhausts. This paper compares the effectiveness of FTIR and TDL methods for NH3 measurement from diesel engine exhausts, based on tests conducted under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The concentration of NH3 from a diesel engine was measured under both a steady-state test cycle and a transient test cycle. The NH3 readings from FTIR and TDL were analysed, for comparison of precision, response time and their accuracy. It was shown that both techniques were suitable with attention to the different sampling procedures to avoid absorption

Focus group / semi-structured interview schedule.

BackgroundPhysical activity is encouraged for people with Multiple Sclerosis. Yoga is a popular form of physical activity and is chosen by some people with Multiple Sclerosis. However, little is known about the impact of yoga for this population, alongside what influences ongoing engagement.AimThe aim of this study is to qualitatively explore the impact of online home-based yoga on people with Multiple Sclerosis and to explore factors that influence engagement.MethodsA qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with people with Multiple Sclerosis and a yoga teacher. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Ethical Approval was gained from Northumbria University.FindingsThree overarching themes emerged from the analysis. ‘Yoga as engagement in physical activity’ captured the reasoning for participating in yoga and how this method of physical activity was an alternative to physical activity done prior to diagnosis. Frustration was apparent within this theme that some individuals were unable to engage in the range of physical activity that they wished to. ‘Yoga is a personalised approach’ demonstrated the flexibility and inclusivity of yoga, for individuals with varying symptoms to be able to engage with. Finally, ‘yoga impacts individuals both physically and psychologically’ captured the focus on the psychological impact of yoga, improving wellbeing and control.ConclusionsYoga gives people with Multiple Sclerosis the feeling of control over their symptoms and a means to engage with meaningful physical activity. Prior involvement in physical activity influenced engagement in yoga and wanting to push themselves. There was reluctance among this group to engage with aerobic activity, which warrants future investigation and support from health and exercise professionals.</div

Development of overarching themes.

BackgroundPhysical activity is encouraged for people with Multiple Sclerosis. Yoga is a popular form of physical activity and is chosen by some people with Multiple Sclerosis. However, little is known about the impact of yoga for this population, alongside what influences ongoing engagement.AimThe aim of this study is to qualitatively explore the impact of online home-based yoga on people with Multiple Sclerosis and to explore factors that influence engagement.MethodsA qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with people with Multiple Sclerosis and a yoga teacher. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Ethical Approval was gained from Northumbria University.FindingsThree overarching themes emerged from the analysis. ‘Yoga as engagement in physical activity’ captured the reasoning for participating in yoga and how this method of physical activity was an alternative to physical activity done prior to diagnosis. Frustration was apparent within this theme that some individuals were unable to engage in the range of physical activity that they wished to. ‘Yoga is a personalised approach’ demonstrated the flexibility and inclusivity of yoga, for individuals with varying symptoms to be able to engage with. Finally, ‘yoga impacts individuals both physically and psychologically’ captured the focus on the psychological impact of yoga, improving wellbeing and control.ConclusionsYoga gives people with Multiple Sclerosis the feeling of control over their symptoms and a means to engage with meaningful physical activity. Prior involvement in physical activity influenced engagement in yoga and wanting to push themselves. There was reluctance among this group to engage with aerobic activity, which warrants future investigation and support from health and exercise professionals.</div

Demographics of responders.

Demographics of responders.</p

Impact on training.

Impact on training.</p

pone.0272446.t001 - An international consensus for mitigation of the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on laparoscopic training

pone.0272446.t001 - An international consensus for mitigation of the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on laparoscopic training</p

Proposed framework for recovery.

Proposed framework for recovery.</p

Robomussel data

Robomussel data: intertidal biomimic body temperature of mussels deployed at 6 different countries. 1913 .txt files in total. Files are categorized by location (country, region, site). In addition, metadata file show specific information for loggers at each site

iButton/Tidbit data

ibutton/Tidbit data: intertidal thermal sensors (aerial and water temperature) deployed at 5 different countries. 160 .txt files in total. Files are categorized by location (country, region, site). In addition, metadata file show specific information for loggers at each site