Supplementary information files for Regional occupancy increases for widespread species but decreases for narrowly distributed species in metacommunity time series

Supplementary files for article Regional occupancy increases for widespread species but decreases for narrowly distributed species in metacommunity time series   While human activities are known to elicit rapid turnover in species composition through time, the properties of the species that increase or decrease their spatial occupancy underlying this turnover are less clear. Here, we used an extensive dataset of 238 metacommunity time series of multiple taxa spread across the globe to evaluate whether species that are more widespread (large-ranged species) differed in how they changed their site occupancy over the10-90 years the metacommunities were monitored relative to species that are more narrowly distributed (small-ranged species). We found that on average, large-ranged species tended to increase in occupancy through time, whereas small-ranged species tended to decrease. These relationships were stronger in marine than in terrestrial and freshwater realms. However, in terrestrial regions, the directional changes in occupancy were less extreme in protected areas. Our findings provide evidence for systematic decreases in occupancy of small-ranged species, and that habitat protection could mitigate these losses in the face of environmental change.</p

Over evolutionary time, multicells change from consisting entirely of germ cells (A) to consisting of a blend of germ and soma cells (D), where germ cells serve as propagules (founders for a new multicell) and soma cells perform the mutagenic work. (A) Germ cells do not perform mutagenic work. (B) Germs cell do perform mutagenic work. (C) A subset of germ cells performs mutagenic work. (D) Soma cells, but not germ cells, perform mutagenic work.

<p>Over evolutionary time, multicells change from consisting entirely of germ cells (A) to consisting of a blend of germ and soma cells (D), where germ cells serve as propagules (founders for a new multicell) and soma cells perform the mutagenic work. (A) Germ cells do not perform mutagenic work. (B) Germs cell do perform mutagenic work. (C) A subset of germ cells performs mutagenic work. (D) Soma cells, but not germ cells, perform mutagenic work.</p

Newly hatched great tit <i>Parus major</i> nestlings. Data from a long-term study of this species are used to explore the adaptive significance of phenotypic plasticity in timing of breeding, and the importance of phenotypic plasticity in adjustment to climate change. Image credit: Simon Evans, Uppsala University.

<p>Newly hatched great tit <i>Parus major</i> nestlings. Data from a long-term study of this species are used to explore the adaptive significance of phenotypic plasticity in timing of breeding, and the importance of phenotypic plasticity in adjustment to climate change. Image credit: Simon Evans, Uppsala University.</p

Appendix A. A table of mean species abundances (no. individuals/mL) in each of the 18 treatments in this study.

A table of mean species abundances (no. individuals/mL) in each of the 18 treatments in this study

Geographic gradients of energy and coral cover from Global reef fish richness gradients emerge from divergent and scale-dependent component changes

Geographic gradients of energy and coral cove

Relationship between species richness and area

Data for all 10 of our study sites. This data matches figure 1 in the manuscript. Columns in this excel file are: Plot size (m^2), Log plot size, number of species observed in the plot (i.e., richness), log number of species observed in the plot, site (corresponds to the figure), site number (corresponds to figure), Community (whether or not the community is in invaded or uninvaded

Appendix A. Summary of univariate responses of summary community variables to isolation, predator removal, and their interaction.

Summary of univariate responses of summary community variables to isolation, predator removal, and their interaction

Appendix B. Bifurcation analyses showing sensitivity of SRA model to parameter estimates.

Bifurcation analyses showing sensitivity of SRA model to parameter estimates

Appendix A. A table showing estimates of seed viability and germination parameters reported in published sources and used to parameterize dynamic SRA model.

A table showing estimates of seed viability and germination parameters reported in published sources and used to parameterize dynamic SRA model

Supplement 1. R script for calculating the Raup-Crick metric as described in the text.

<h2>File List</h2><blockquote> <p><a href="Raup-Crick.txt">Raup-Crick.txt</a> -- (MD5: c37b2472e568eae3f1c0a5f1adec3d80)</p> </blockquote><h2>Description</h2><blockquote> <p>The code included in Raup-Crick.txt allows one to perform the null model analyses described in the text. The resulting values represent the degree to which observed numbers of shared species between any two sites differ from what would have been expected by random chance given the number of species co-occurring in each of two localities, and the designated regional species pool.</p> </blockquote