Resolving the (g−2)μ(g-2)_{\mu} and BB anomalies with leptoquarks and a dark Higgs boson

At present, there are outstanding discrepancies between standard model predictions and measurements of the muon's $g-2$ and several $B$-meson properties. We resolve these anomalies by considering a two-Higgs-doublet model extended to include leptoquarks and a dark Higgs boson $S$. The leptoquarks modify $B$-meson decays and also induce an $S \gamma \gamma$ coupling, which contributes to the muon's $g-2$ through a Barr-Zee diagram. We show that, for TeV-scale leptoquarks and dark Higgs boson masses $m_{S} \sim 10-200~\text{MeV}$, a consistent resolution to all of the anomalies exists. The model predicts interesting new decays, such as $B \to K^{(*)} e^+ e^-$, $B \to K^{(*)} \gamma \gamma$, $K \to \pi \gamma \gamma$, and $h \to \gamma \gamma \gamma \gamma$, with branching fractions not far below current bounds.Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures. Matches published versio

Resolving the (g-2)μ and B anomalies with leptoquarks and a dark Higgs boson

© 2020 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. At present, there are outstanding discrepancies between standard model predictions and measurements of the muon\u27s g-2 and several B-meson properties. We resolve these anomalies by considering a two-Higgs-doublet model extended to include leptoquarks and a dark Higgs boson S. The leptoquarks modify B-meson decays and also induce an Sγγ coupling, which contributes to the muon\u27s g-2 through a Barr-Zee diagram. We show that, for TeV-scale leptoquarks and dark Higgs boson masses mS∼10-200 MeV, a consistent resolution to all of the anomalies exists. The model predicts interesting new decays, such as B→K(∗)e+e-, B→K(∗)γγ, K→πγγ, and h→γγγγ, with branching fractions not far below current bounds

Digital control of force microscope cantilevers using a field programmable gate array

This report describes a cantilever controller for magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA), along with the hardware and software used to integrate the controller into an experiment. The controller is assembled from a low-cost commercially available software defined radio (SDR) device and libraries of open-source software. The controller includes a digital filter comprising two cascaded second-order sections ("biquads"), which together can implement transfer functions for optimal cantilever controllers. An appendix in this report shows how to calculate filter coefficients for an optimal controller from measured cantilever characteristics. The controller also includes an input multiplexer and adder used in calibration protocols. Filter coefficients and multiplexer settings can be set and adjusted by control software while an experiment is running. The input is sampled at 64 MHz; the sampling frequency in the filters can be divided down under software control to achieve a good match with filter characterisics. Data reported here were sampled at 500 kHz, chosen for acoustic cantilevers with resonant frequencies near 8 kHz. Inputs are digitized with 12 bits resolution, outputs with 14 bits. The experiment software is organized as a client and server to make it easy to adapt the controller to different experiments. The server encapusulates the details of controller hardware organization, connection technology, filter architecture, and number representation. The same server could be used in any experiment, while a different client encodes the particulars of each experiment.Comment: submitted to Review of Scientific Instrument

Are social organizational factors independently associated with a current bacterial sexually transmitted infection among urban adolescents and young adults?

This study explored the relationship between the social organization of neighborhoods including informal social control and social cohesion and a current bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) among adolescents and young adults in one U.S. urban setting. Data for the current study were collected from April 2004 to April 2007 in a cross-sectional household study. The target population included English-speaking, sexually-active persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years who resided in 486 neighborhoods. The study sample included 599 participants from 63 neighborhoods. A current bacterial STI was defined as diagnosis of a chlamydia and/or gonorrhea infection at the time of study participation. Participants reported on informal social control (i.e. scale comprised of 9 items) and social cohesion (i.e. scale comprised of 5 items) in their neighborhood. In a series of weighted multilevel logistic regression models stratified by gender, greater informal social control was significantly associated with a decreased odds of a current bacterial STI among females (AOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.34, 0.84) after controlling for individual social support and other factors. The association, while in a similar direction, was not significant for males (AOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.48, 1.12). Social cohesion was not significantly associated with a current bacterial STI among females (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.61, 1.19) and separately, males (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.67, 1.44). Greater individual social support was associated with an almost seven-fold increase in the odds of a bacterial STI among males (AOR 6.85, 95% CI 1.99, 23.53), a finding which is in contrast to our hypotheses. The findings suggest that neighborhood social organizational factors such as informal social control have an independent relationship with sexual health among U.S. urban youth. The causality of the relationship remains to be determined

Validation of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Markers Differentiating Among Human Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Subgroups in an Ovine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Phenotypes

BACKGROUND: The discovery of biological subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) might offer a new approach to ARDS in general and possibly targeted treatment, but little is known about the underlying biology yet. To validate our recently described ovine ARDS phenotypes model, we compared a subset of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) markers in leukocytes as reported before to display differential expression between human ARDS subphenotypes to the expression in lung tissue in our ovine ARDS phenotypes model (phenotype 1 (Ph1): hypoinflammatory; phenotype 2 (Ph2): hyperinflammatory). METHODS: We studied 23 anesthetized sheep on mechanical ventilation with observation times between 6 and 24 h. They were randomly allocated to the two phenotypes (n = 14 to Ph1 and n = 9 to Ph2). At study end, lung tissue was harvested and preserved in RNAlater. After tissue homogenization in TRIzol, total RNA was extracted and custom capture and reporter probes designed by NanoString Technologies were used to measure the expression of 14 genes of interest and the 6 housekeeping genes on a nCounter SPRINT profiler. RESULTS: Among the 14 mRNA markers, in all animals over all time points, 13 markers showed the same trend in ovine Ph2/Ph1 as previously reported in the MARS cohort: matrix metalloproteinase 8, olfactomedin 4, resistin, G protein-coupled receptor 84, lipocalin 2, ankyrin repeat domain 22, CD177 molecule, and transcobalamin 1 expression was higher in Ph2 and membrane metalloendopeptidase, adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E3, transforming growth factor beta induced, histidine ammonia-lyase, and sulfatase 2 expression was higher in Ph1. These expression patterns could be found when different sources of mRNA – such as blood leukocytes and lung tissue – were compared. CONCLUSION: In human and ovine ARDS subgroups, similar activated pathways might be involved (e.g., oxidative phosphorylation, NF-κB pathway) that result in specific phenotypes

Detrital chrome spinel evidence for a Neotethyan intra-oceanic island arc collision with India in the Paleocene

Models that support a single collision scenario for India and Eurasia are incompatible with the evidence that an intra-oceanic island arc (IOIA) existed within the Neotethyan Ocean. Understanding the spatial and temporal extent of any IOIA is crucial for India-Eurasia collision studies as the entire ocean, including any intra-oceanic features, must have been consumed or emplaced prior to continental collision. Here, we review what is known about the Neotethyan IOIA and report evidence from sedimentary successions in NW India and southern Tibet to constrain when and where it was emplaced. We use detrital mineral geochemistry and supporting provenance and age data to identify the source of the sediments and compare the timing of erosion of IOIA-derived material in both regions. Detrital chrome spinels, extracted from distinct sedimentary horizons in southern Tibet (Sangdanlin) and NW India (Ladakh), exhibit similar average geochemical values (TiO\ua0=\ua00.09 and 0.24%, Cr#\ua0=\ua00.66 and 0.68 and Mg#\ua0=\ua00.45 and 0.53, respectively) and supra-subduction zone (SSZ), forearc peridotite signatures. Furthermore, they overlap with in-situ chrome spinels reported from the Spongtang Ophiolite in NW India and the Sangsang Ophiolite in southern Tibet. As with many of the ophiolitic remnants that crop out in and adjacent to the Yarlung-Tsangpo and Indus suture zones (YTSZ and ISZ respectively), the Spongtang and Sangsang ophiolites formed in an IOIA setting. Linking the source of the detrital chrome spinels to those analysed from remnant IOIA massifs in the YTSZ and ISZ is strong evidence for the emplacement of the IOIA onto the Indian margin. The timing of the IOIA collision with India is constrained by the depositional ages of the chrome spinel-bearing sediments to the end of the Paleocene (Thanetian) in southern Tibet and the Early Eocene in NW India. This indirectly provides a maximum age constraint of Late Paleocene-Early Eocene for intercontinental collision between India and Eurasia. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of targeting distinct sedimentary horizons in collision zones to find evidence for discrete tectonic events that may be obfuscated by later collisions

Applying SMT Solvers to the Test Template Framework

The Test Template Framework (TTF) is a model-based testing method for the Z notation. In the TTF, test cases are generated from test specifications, which are predicates written in Z. In turn, the Z notation is based on first-order logic with equality and Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. In this way, a test case is a witness satisfying a formula in that theory. Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solvers are software tools that decide the satisfiability of arbitrary formulas in a large number of built-in logical theories and their combination. In this paper, we present the first results of applying two SMT solvers, Yices and CVC3, as the engines to find test cases from TTF's test specifications. In doing so, shallow embeddings of a significant portion of the Z notation into the input languages of Yices and CVC3 are provided, given that they do not directly support Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory as defined in Z. Finally, the results of applying these embeddings to a number of test specifications of eight cases studies are analysed.Comment: In Proceedings MBT 2012, arXiv:1202.582

Inner Monologue: Embodied Reasoning through Planning with Language Models

Recent works have shown how the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to domains beyond natural language processing, such as planning and interaction for robots. These embodied problems require an agent to understand many semantic aspects of the world: the repertoire of skills available, how these skills influence the world, and how changes to the world map back to the language. LLMs planning in embodied environments need to consider not just what skills to do, but also how and when to do them - answers that change over time in response to the agent's own choices. In this work, we investigate to what extent LLMs used in such embodied contexts can reason over sources of feedback provided through natural language, without any additional training. We propose that by leveraging environment feedback, LLMs are able to form an inner monologue that allows them to more richly process and plan in robotic control scenarios. We investigate a variety of sources of feedback, such as success detection, scene description, and human interaction. We find that closed-loop language feedback significantly improves high-level instruction completion on three domains, including simulated and real table top rearrangement tasks and long-horizon mobile manipulation tasks in a kitchen environment in the real world.Comment: Project website: https://innermonologue.github.i