Mean effective number of crop species (ENCS) at the county level for each ERS Farm Resource Region (Eastern Uplands, Heartland, Southern Seaboard, Northern Crescent, Fruitful Rim, Northern Great Plains, Basin and Range, Prairie Gateway, and Mississippi Portal) and on a national basis (National).

<p>The ENCS was calculated from US Census of Agriculture data which was collected every five years from 1978 to 2012. Mean ENCS values are denoted by solid black circles, with error bars representing standard errors of the mean. Within each individual ERS Farm Resource Region and also at the national level, mean ENCS values for each census year labeled with different lowercase letters were significantly different according to Tukey’s HSD test (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Crop species diversity as effective number of species in 1978, 1987, 1997 and 2012 on a county level basis for the contiguous US.

<p>The hotter colors (red hues) indicate lower ENCS values (low crop diversity) while colder colors (blue hues) indicate higher ENCS values (high crop diversity). Maps showing crop diversity for all Census years are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136580#pone.0136580.s001" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>.</p

Crop Species Diversity and Dominant Crops in North Dakota.

<p>Solid colors indicate crop species diversity and federal lands while the overlayed pattern indicate the dominant crop for that county. The hotter colors (red hues) indicated lower ENCS values (low crop diversity) while colder colors (blue hues) indicate higher ENCS values (high crop diversity).</p

County level mean ± standard error effective number of crop species (ENCS) for each ERS Farm Resource Region (calculated using US Census of Agriculture data collected during 1978, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012.

<p>Within each year, differences among regional ENCS values are denoted by differing lowercase letters (P<0.05).</p><p>County level mean ± standard error effective number of crop species (ENCS) for each ERS Farm Resource Region (calculated using US Census of Agriculture data collected during 1978, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012.</p

Crop species diversity hot spots based on the geostatistical analysis of the ENCS values for 1978, 1987, 1997 and 2012.

<p>Hot (red hues) spots are areas with significant clustering of counties with low ENCS values (low cropping diversity) and cold (blue hues) spots are clustering of counties with high ENCS values (high cropping diversity). Maps showing hot spot analysis for all Census years are available in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136580#pone.0136580.s002" target="_blank">S2 Fig</a>.</p

Farm Resource Regions of the US.

<p>Adapted from USDA-ERS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0136580#pone.0136580.ref011" target="_blank">11</a>].</p

Measures of geospatial clustering, Moran’s I and High-Low Cluster Ratio over the period of analysis.

<p>Moran’s I value of 1.0 indicates very strong clustering of low or high ENCS values (Moran’s I = -1.0 indicates random occurrence). HL Cluster Ratio, derived from H/L Clustering analysis, indicates the number of clustered counties with high ENCS in relation to the number of clustered counties with low ENCS values. An HL cluster ratio of 1.0 indicates an equal number of clustered counties with high and low ENCS values, and a ratio approaching zero indicates a relatively large number of clustered counties with low ENCS than those with high ENCS.</p

The Mid-infrared Instrument for JWST and Its In-flight Performance

The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) extends the reach of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to 28.5 μm. It provides subarcsecond-resolution imaging, high sensitivity coronagraphy, and spectroscopy at resolutions of λ/Δλ ∼ 100–3500, with the high-resolution mode employing an integral field unit to provide spatial data cubes. The resulting broad suite of capabilities will enable huge advances in studies over this wavelength range. This overview describes the history of acquiring this capability for JWST. It discusses the basic attributes of the instrument optics, the detector arrays, and the cryocooler that keeps everything at approximately 7 K. It gives a short description of the data pipeline and of the instrument performance demonstrated during JWST commissioning. The bottom line is that the telescope and MIRI are both operating to the standards set by pre-launch predictions, and all of the MIRI capabilities are operating at, or even a bit better than, the level that had been expected. The paper is also designed to act as a roadmap to more detailed papers on different aspects of MIRI.</p