Limiting Tort Liability for Online Third-party Content Under Section 230 of the Communications Act

Section 230 of the Communications Act provides online service providers (OSPs) with immunity from liability for harms arising from third-party content that is made available through an OSP\u27s services. Some courts have recently held that section 230 immunity covers not only defamation but any tort claim that would make an OSP liable for information originating from the OSP\u27s users or commercial partners. This Article argues that section 230 has been properly interpreted by the courts and that, contrary to the claims of critics, those decisions have not created a disincentive for OSPs aggressively to monitor their sites for defamatory or otherwise harmful content

Using the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to Limit Potential Copyright Liability Online

Any online service provider ( OSP ), including a website operator, that accepts user postings or includes content from other parties on its website or online service is at risk that it will be held liable if such third-party content infringes the copyright of another party. Liability for copyright infringement is an expensive proposition and can run into the millions of dollars. Thus, an OSP must be vigilant in limiting its potential liability in connection with such third-party content

Geometric-Phase-Effect Tunnel-Splitting Oscillations in Single-Molecule Magnets with Fourth-Order Anisotropy Induced by Orthorhombic Distortion

We analyze the interference between tunneling paths that occurs for a spin system with both fourth-order and second-order transverse anisotropy. Using an instanton approach, we find that as the strength of the second-order transverse anisotropy is increased, the tunnel splitting is modulated, with zeros occurring periodically. This effect results from the interference of four tunneling paths connecting easy-axis spin orientations and occurs in the absence of any magnetic field.Comment: 6 pages, 5 eps figures. Version published in EPL. Expanded from v1: Appendix added, references added, 1 figure added, others modified cosmeticall

Radiation- and Phonon-Bottleneck-Induced Tunneling in the Fe8 Single-Molecule Magnet

We measure magnetization changes in a single crystal of the single-molecule magnet Fe8 when exposed to intense, short (<20 $\mu$s) pulses of microwave radiation resonant with the m = 10 to 9 transition. We find that radiation induces a phonon bottleneck in the system with a time scale of ~5 $\mu$s. The phonon bottleneck, in turn, drives the spin dynamics, allowing observation of thermally assisted resonant tunneling between spin states at the 100-ns time scale. Detailed numerical simulations quantitatively reproduce the data and yield a spin-phonon relaxation time of T1 ~ 40 ns.Comment: 6 RevTeX pages, including 4 EPS figures, version accepted for publicatio

Constructing Clock-Transition-Based Two-Qubit Gates from Dimers of Molecular Nanomagnets

A good qubit must have a coherence time long enough for gate operations to be performed. Avoided level crossings allow for clock transitions in which coherence is enhanced by the insensitivity of the transition to fluctuations in external fields. Because of this insensitivity, it is not obvious how to effectively couple qubits together while retaining clock-transition behavior. Here we present a scheme for using a heterodimer of two coupled molecular nanomagnets, each with a clock transition at zero magnetic field, in which all of the gate operations needed to implement one- and two-qubit gates can be implemented with pulsed radio-frequency radiation. We show that given realistic coupling strengths between the nanomagnets in the dimer, good gate fidelities ($\sim$99.4\%) can be achieved. We identify the primary sources of error in implementing gates and discuss how these may be mitigated, and investigate the range of coherence times necessary for such a system to be a viable platform for implementing quantum computing protocols.Comment: Version accepted by Phys. Rev. Research. Fig. 1 has minor modifications. References adde

Child care center policies and practices for management of ill children

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to 1) describe child care staff knowledge and beliefs regarding upper respiratory tract infections and antibiotic indications and 2) evaluate child care staff reported reasons for a) exclusion from child care, b) referral to a health care provider, and c) recommending antibiotics for an ill child. METHODS: A longitudinal study based in randomly selected child care centers in Massachusetts. Staff completed a survey to assess knowledge regarding common infections. For six weeks, staff completed a record of absences each day, describing the reason for an absence, and advice given to the parents regarding exclusion, referral to a health care provider, and obtaining antibiotics. Exclusions for the specific illness/symptom were defined as appropriate or inappropriate based on national guidelines. RESULTS: A large proportion of child care staff incorrectly believed that antibiotics are indicated for bronchitis (80.5%) and green rhinorrhea (80.5%) in children. For 82.2% of absences, the circumstances or reasons for the absence were discussed with a child care staff member. Of 538 absences due to illness that child care staff discussed with parents, there were 45 inappropriate exclusions (8.4% of illnesses discussed), 91 appropriate exclusions (16.9% of illnesses discussed), and 402 cases (74.7%) in which no recommendation for exclusion was made. CONCLUSIONS: Misconceptions regarding the need for antibiotics for URIs are common among child care staff. However, day care staff do not pressure parents to seek medical attention or antibiotics