Acceptability by Girolando heifers and nutritional value of erect prickly pear stored for different periods

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o valor nutricional da palma orelha-de-elefante-mexicana (OEM) (Opuntia stricta), armazenada por diferentes períodos, e sua aceitabilidade por novilhas Girolando. Foram utilizadas cinco novilhas distribuídas em quadrado latino 5x5. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: palma OEM, sem armazenamento; OEM armazenada por três períodos pós-colheita – 7, 14 e 21 dias; e palma‑miúda (PM) (Nopalea cochenillifera) sem armazenamento, como tratamento controle. As dietas oferecidas aos animais foram compostas de palmas dos diferentes tratamentos, assim como silagem de cana-de-açúcar e farelo de soja, e foram avaliadas quanto à composição químico-bromatológica, consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes. O comportamento ingestivo das novilhas foi avaliado. A palma OEM não diferiu da PM quanto à matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro corrigida quanto às cinzas e proteína, carboidratos não fibrosos, carboidratos totais, extrato etéreo e matéria mineral; no entanto, a palma OEM diferiu da PM quanto à matéria seca e à fibra em detergente neutro indigestível, quando armazenada por diferentes períodos. O peso das novilhas variou em 1,35 kg, com a baixa inclusão de concentrado na dieta. A palma orelha-de-elefante-mexicana mantém constante seu valor nutricional e sua aceitabilidade pelas novilhas Girolando, após armazenamento por diferentes períodos até 21 dias.The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional value of erect prickly pear (EPP) (Opuntia stricta), stored for different periods, and its acceptability by Girolando heifers. Five heifers were distributed in a 5x5 Latin square. The treatments were as follows: EPP without storage time; stored EPP for three post‑harvest periods – 7, 14, and 21 days; and cochineal nopal cactus (CNC) (Nopalea cochenillifera) without storage time, as a control treatment. The diets offered to the animals were composed of cacti of the different treatments, as well as sugarcane silage and soybean meal, and were evaluated for their chemical composition, intake, and nutrient digestibility. The ingestive behavior of the heifers was evaluated. The cactus EPP did not differ from the CNC for organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, nonfibrous carbohydrates, total carbohydrates, ether extract, and mineral matter; however, EPP stored for different periods differed from CNC for dry matter and indigestible neutral detergent fiber. Heifer weights varied 1.35 kg with the low inclusion of concentrate in the diet. The cactus erect prickly pear maintains constant both its nutritional value and its acceptability to Girolando heifers, after storage for different periods up to 21 days

Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como volumoso exclusivo para novilhas leiteiras

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de concentrado (40, 50, 60 e 70%), sobre o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e desempenho de novilhas alimentadas com bagaço de cana como volumoso exclusivo. Ainda, procurou-se estabelecer uma proporção volumoso:concentrado adequada para a fase de recria e antecipação do primeiro parto. Foram utilizadas 20 novilhas da raça Girolando, com peso médio inicial de 198,3 ± 25,6 kg, distribuídas em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, estabelecidos de acordo com o peso vivo. O experimento teve duração de 114 dias, sendo 30 de adaptação às dietas e manejo e 84 dias de coletas de dados e amostras, assim como avaliações do desempenho dos animais. Exceto para o consumo de FDNcp, que não foi alterado (P>0,05) com o incremento dos níveis de concentrado nas dietas, houve aumento linear (P0,05) com o aumento dos níveis de concentrado. O peso final (237,6 a 299,4 kg/dia) (P0.05) with increasing concentrate levels, there was a linear increase (P0.05) was not influenced by increasing concentrate levels. The final weight (237.6 to 299.4 kg/d) (P<0.01), daily weight gain (0.5 to 1.2 kg/d) (P<0.01), total weight gain (35.2 to 83.6 kg/d) (P<0.01), final withers height (117.2 to 120.8 cm) (P<0.05), final rump height (121.4 to 124.8 cm) (P<0.05), final thoracic perimeter (140.2 to 152.2 cm) (P<0.001), and final body length (125.0 to 130.8 cm) (P<0.01) linearly increased with the concentrate levels. There was a high correlation between morphometric measurements and the average weight of animals. It is recommended to use sugarcane bagasse and concentrated in the proportions50:50 in the heifer’s diets, for occurrence of first calving at 24 months.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPE

Cactus cladodes for lactation cows : a nutritional and meta-analytical approach

Foram realizados dois estudos, sendo um com desempenho e viabilidade nutricional e outro com metanálise, utilizando a palma forrageira na dieta de vacas em lactação. No primeiro estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de concentrado em dietas com palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta [Haw.] Haw.) sobre o desempenho de vacas da raça Girolando em lactação. Dez vacas (512,62 ± 53,66 kg de peso corporal) com produção de leite média de 13,21 ± 1,94 kg/dia foram distribuídas em dois quadrados Latinos 5x5. As dietas experimentais consistiram em quatro diferentes níveis de concentrado (20, 24, 28 e 32% baseados na matéria seca - MS), associado a palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) e dieta controle (Palma miúda (PM) + 20% concentrado). A dieta controle proporcionou maiores consumos para a maioria dos nutrientes (MS, MO, PB, CNFcp e NDT), com exceção de FDNcp, do que aquelas que receberam dietas com palma OEM, independentemente do nível concentrado. A inclusão de concentrado nas dietas com palma OEM não alterou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. A PLCG das vacas suplementadas com 32% de concentrado na dieta com palma OEM foi semelhante àquelas que receberam a dieta controle. Com a inclusão de concentrado nas dietas com palma OEM, não influenciou os teores de gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais (ST), caseína, nitrogênio ureico e eficiência alimentar. Para vacas produzindo 14 kg/dia com 3,5% de gordura, recomenda-se a inclusão de 32% de concentrado em dietas com palma Orelha de Elefante Mexicana. O segundo estudo, avaliou-se os efeitos dos níveis de palma forrageira e dos constituintes nutricionais da dieta (fibra em detergente neutro -FDNd, carboidratos não fibrosos - CNFd e nutrientes digestíveis totais - NDTd) sobre a produção de vacas leiteiras, usando o procedimento de meta-análise. Foram coletados dados de experimentos que avaliavam consumo e desempenho de vacas da raça holandês ou holandês x Gir em lactação confinadas. Todos os estudos testavam dietas contendo palma forrageira. O conjunto de dados que atendeu aos critérios para inclusão no estudo, foram compilados de 31 estudos, sendo 16 estudos com vacas da raça Holandês (51,61%) com 72 observações e 15 estudos com vacas da raça Holandês x Gir (48,39%) com 66 observações, publicados em revistas cientificas indexadas no CSIRO Publishing, SciElO, Scopus e Web of Science e no catálogo de teses e dissertações – CAPES. A variável resposta analisada foi a PLCOR e as explicativas foram NP e as variáveis nutricionais (VN) (FDNd, CNFd, PBd e NDTd) e suas respectivas interações. Os dados foram analisados de acordo com modelos mistos, levando em consideração os efeitos dos diferentes estudos como fator de efeito aleatório. A seleção dos modelos, foram por meio do critério de informação de Akaike (AIC), com auxílio do algoritmo stepwise nas duas direções (i.e. "backward" e "forward"). O comportamento da PLCOR em relação a NP foi sempre quadrático, independentemente do nível de FDNd. Independentemente do NP a PLCOR sempre apresentou um afeito linear em relação a FDNd. Houve interação entre NP e CNFd, ou seja, o comportamento da PLCOR em relação ao NP altera à medida que o CNFd altera. A meta-análise revelou que a produção máxima de 19,86 kg de leite foi estimada com 21% de palma.Two studies were carried out, one with performance and nutritional viability and the other with meta-analysis, using cactus cladodes-based diets for lactating cows. In the first study, the objective was to evaluate the effect of different levels of concentrate in cactus cladodes Opuntia-based diets on the performance of lactating Girolando cows. Ten cows (512.62 ± 53.66 kg body weight) with an average milk yield of 13.21 ± 1.94 kg / day were assigned in two simultaneous 5x5 Latin squares. The experimental diets consisted in four different levels of concentrate (20, 24, 28 and 32% based on dry matter - MS), associated with the cactus cladodes Opuntia and the control diet (Nopalea cochenillifera + 20% concentrate). The control diet provided greater intake for most nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NFCcp and TDN), except for NDFap, than those that received diets with cactus Opuntia, independently of concentrated level. The inclusion of concentrate in cactus cladodes Opuntia -based diets did not alter the digestibility of nutrients. The fat-corrected milk yield (FCMY) of cows supplemented with 32% of concentrate in the cactus cladodes Opuntia-based diets was similar to those that received the control diet. The inclusion of concentrate in cactus cladodes Opuntia-based diets did not influence the levels of milk fat, protein, lactose, total solids (ST), casein, urea nitrogen and feed efficiency. For cows producing 14 kg/d with 3.5% of fat, it is recommended 32% of concentrate to be included in cactus Opuntia-based diets. The second study evaluated the effects of cactus cladodes (CC) level and dietary nutritional content (neutral detergent fiber -NDFd, non-fibrous carbohydrates - NFCd and total digestible nutrients - TDNd) on the production of dairy cows, using the meta-analysis procedure. Data were collected from experiments that evaluated intake and performance of feedlot lactating Holstein or Holstein x Gir cows. All studies tested diets containing cactus. The set of data that met the criteria for inclusion in the study were compiled from 31 studies, 16 of which were studies with Holstein cows (51.61%) with 72 observations and 15 studies with Holstein x Gir cows (48.39 %) with 66 observations, published in scientific journals indexed in CSIRO Publishing, SciElO, Scopus and Web of Science and in the catalog of theses and dissertations - CAPES. The response variable analyzed was FCMY and the explanatory variables were CC and the nutritional variables (VN) (NDFd, NFCd, CPd and TDNd) and their respective interactions. The data were analyzed according to mixed models, taking into account the effects of different studies as a random effect factor. The models were selected using the Akaike information criterion (AIC), with the aid of the stepwise algorithm in both directions (i.e. "backward" and "forward"). The behavior of FCMY in relation to CC was always quadratic, irrespective of the level of NDF. irrespective of the CC, FCMY always presented a linear affection in relation to NDF. There was an interaction between CC and NFCd, that is, the behavior of FCMY in relation to CC changes as the NFCd changes. The meta-analysis revealed that the maximum production of 19.86 kg of milk was estimated with 21% cactus.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPE

Sugarcane bagasse as exclusive roughage for dairy heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels (40, 50, 60, and 70% on dry matter basis) on intake, digestibility of nutrients, and performance of heifers fed sugarcane bagasse as exclusive roughage. Twenty Girolando heifers, with an average body weight of 198±25.6 kg were assigned to a completely randomized design, established according to body weight. The intake of dry matter (5.12 to 7.73 kg d–1), organic matter (4.72 to 7.32 kg d–1), crude protein (0.71 to 1.05 kg d–1), and digestible organic matter (3.09 to 4.77 kg d–1) linearly increased with the inclusion of concentrate in the diets. The final weight (238 to 299 kg d–1), body weight gain (0.50 to 1.20 kg d–1), and total weight gain (35.2 to 83.6 kg d–1) linearly increased with the concentrate levels. Considering the occurrence of the first calving at 24 months, a 50:50 ratio of sugarcane bagasse to concentrate seems to be the most appropriate for crossbred heifers

Sugarcane bagasse as exclusive roughage for dairy heifers

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels (40, 50, 60, and 70% on dry matter basis) on intake, digestibility of nutrients, and performance of heifers fed sugarcane bagasse as exclusive roughage. Twenty Girolando heifers, with an average body weight of 198±25.6 kg were assigned to a completely randomized design, established according to body weight. The intake of dry matter (5.12 to 7.73 kg d-1), organic matter (4.72 to 7.32 kg d-1), crude protein (0.71 to 1.05 kg d-1), and digestible organic matter (3.09 to 4.77 kg d-1) linearly increased with the inclusion of concentrate in the diets. The final weight (238 to 299 kg d-1), body weight gain (0.50 to 1.20 kg d-1), and total weight gain (35.2 to 83.6 kg d-1) linearly increased with the concentrate levels. Considering the occurrence of the first calving at 24 months, a 50:50 ratio of sugarcane bagasse to concentrate seems to be the most appropriate for crossbred heifers

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data