Intestinal Parasitism, Potable Water Availability and Methods of Sewage Disposal in Three Communities in Benue State, Nigeria: A Survey

Background: To assess the level of parasite burden in a village community and the predisposing factors. Methods: Two hundred subjects each were recruited from three communities- Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo during an episode of free medical outreach. A simple random sampling method was adopted and a questionnaire was interviewer administered on relevant aspects of basic hygiene such as- sources of water supply, methods of domestic sewage disposal and frequency of hand washing. Stool samples were collected and tested and findings analysed using appropriate statistical methods, p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo communities was found to be 71.5%, 65.5% and 40.5% respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was the commonest parasite in the three centres (34.5%, 28.5% and 19.0% respectively for Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo communities). Other parasites identified were- Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni and Trichuris trichura. Multiple parasitic infestation was common in the communities where quality of water supply and methods of sewage disposal facilities were below standard. Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasitism is still high in Nigerian rural communities. The present resolve by the federal ministry of water resources to supply potable water to all Nigerian rural communities should be sustained. Furthermore, a health education program should be properly constituted and integrated into the present primary health care policy for the country.Introduction: Evaluer le niveau du fardeau du parasite dans une communaut\ue9 villageoise et des facteurs pr\ue9disposants. M\ue9thodes: Deux cents sujets, individuellement r\ue9cruit\ue9s venant de trois communaut\ue9s : Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka et Adikpo pendant l'\ue9pisode d'une activit\ue9 gratuite et m\ue9dicale visant \ue0 encourager les gens \ue0 profiter des avantages sociaux. Une m\ue9thode simple d'\ue9chantillon au hasard \ue9tait adopt\ue9e et un questinnaire \ue9tait administr\ue9 sur des aspects pertinents d'hygi\ue8ne du base tels que des sources d'alimentation en eau, m\ue9thodes domestique du traitement des ordures, et la fr\ue9quence de se laver les mains. On a fait un pr\ue9levement des f\ue8ces et \ue9tudies et des r\ue9sultats analys\ue9s \ue0 travers l'utilisation des m\ue9thodes statistique ad\ue9quates. P. Valeurs < O, 05 \ue9tait consid\ue9re important. R\ue9sultats: La fr\ue9quence des parasites intestinaux dans les communaut\ue9s Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka et Adokpo \ue9tait not\ue9e d'\ueatre 71,5%, 65,5% et 40,5% respectivement. Ascaris lumbricoides \ue9tait le parasite le plus ordinaire dans les trois centres (34,5%, 28,5% et 19,0% respectivement pour des communaut\ue9s Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka et Adkpo. Des autres parasites identifi\ue9s sont : Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba cole, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, strongyloides stercoralis schistosome mansoni et trichuris trichura. Infestation parasitique multiple \ue9tait ordinaire dans des communat\ue9s o\uf9 la qualit\ue9 des am\ue9nagements d'alimentation en eau et m\ue9thodes de traitement des ordures sont inf\ue9rieur. Conclusion: La fr\ue9quence du parasitisme intestinal est encore \ue9lev\ue9 dans des communaut\ue9s rurales nig\ue9rianes. La d\ue9cision actuelle du Minist\ue8re F\ue9d\ue9ral des ressources de l'eau de fournir de l'eau buvable dans toutes les communaut\ue9s rurales nig\ue9rianes devrait \ueatre soutenue. Par ailleurs, un programme sur le renseignement m\ue9dical devrait \ueatre clairement cr\ue9\ue9 et intergr\ue9 dans la politique des soins m\ue9dical primaire actuels pour le pays

Profiles of seminal fluid analysis and rate of infection in Jos, Nigeria: a five year analysis (Jan 2000-Dec 2004)

No Abstract.Global Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 59-6

Antibacterial Profile Of Fermented Seed Extracts Of Ricinus communis : Findings From A Preliminary Analysis

The study was carried out to ascertain the antibacterial properties inherent in fermented seed extracts of Ricinus communis . Dry seeds of R. communis (Castor oil plant) were deshelled, grounded to powder, fermented, and then extracted both with alcohol and water using Soxhlet machine. Different concentrations of the extracts were tested against selected bacteria using diffusion method of susceptibility testing on sensitivity testing agar medium. Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris , and Staphylococcus aureus were highly susceptible to both the methanol and water extracts of the seed while Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed reduced susceptibility. Enterococcus faecalis on the other hand was resistant to all the preparations tested. The active antimicrobial ingredients in fermented R. communis seeds should be identified while its medicinal value to humans properly investigated

Surgical Site Infections in a Rehabilitation Hospital-Pattern and Types

Background: Surgical-site infection(SSI) is a major problem worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity, increase length of hospital stay and cost.Objective: To determine incidence and risk factors for surgical-site infections after orthopaedic operations.Methods: Five months prospective surveillance of surgicalsite infections was conducted at NKST Rehabilitation Hospital ,Mkar from 1st June 2010 to 30th October 2010. All the patients who underwent orthopaedic operation were evaluated. Patients who had completed cast(POP) application postoperatively were excluded from the study(inspection of woundcould not be possible). Wounds were inspected and scored five times within 14 days by the authors using scoring method designed by Wilson et al.Results: A total of one hundred and twenty eight orthopaedic operations were performed in our centre. Seventy nine patients(61.7%) were male and 49(38.3%) female . The age of patients ranged from 4 to 80years with mean age of 34.7years. Eighty one(63.3%) of the wound were classified as clean, 17(13.3%) as contaminated and 23(23.4%)as dirty. Sixty eight (53.1%) cases showed satisfactory healing, 26(20.3%) had disturbance of healing and 15 (11.7%), 12(9.4%) and 7(5.5%) had minor, moderate and severe wound infection respectively. The incidence of surgical site infections in clean cases was 3.4%, 55.6% in contaminated cases and 70% when the wound was classified as dirty. The overall incidence rate of surgical site infections was 24.3%.Conclusion: surgical-site infection is a major problem in orthopaedics operations. Prevention of surgical-site infection should be emphasized and intervention methods should aim at modifying the risk factors.Keywords: Surgical-site, infection, orthopaedic operations

Intestinal Parasitism, Potable Water Availability and Methods of Sewage Disposal in Three Communities in Benue State, Nigeria: A Survey

Background: To assess the level of parasite burden in a village community and the predisposing factors. Methods: Two hundred subjects each were recruited from three communities- Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo during an episode of free medical outreach. A simple random sampling method was adopted and a questionnaire was interviewer administered on relevant aspects of basic hygiene such as- sources of water supply, methods of domestic sewage disposal and frequency of hand washing. Stool samples were collected and tested and findings analysed using appropriate statistical methods, p values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo communities was found to be 71.5%, 65.5% and 40.5% respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was the commonest parasite in the three centres (34.5%, 28.5% and 19.0% respectively for Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka and Adikpo communities). Other parasites identified were- Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni and Trichuris trichura. Multiple parasitic infestation was common in the communities where quality of water supply and methods of sewage disposal facilities were below standard. Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasitism is still high in Nigerian rural communities. The present resolve by the federal ministry of water resources to supply potable water to all Nigerian rural communities should be sustained. Furthermore, a health education program should be properly constituted and integrated into the present primary health care policy for the country.Introduction: Evaluer le niveau du fardeau du parasite dans une communauté villageoise et des facteurs prédisposants. Méthodes: Deux cents sujets, individuellement récruités venant de trois communautés : Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka et Adikpo pendant l&apos;épisode d&apos;une activité gratuite et médicale visant à encourager les gens à profiter des avantages sociaux. Une méthode simple d&apos;échantillon au hasard était adoptée et un questinnaire était administré sur des aspects pertinents d&apos;hygiène du base tels que des sources d&apos;alimentation en eau, méthodes domestique du traitement des ordures, et la fréquence de se laver les mains. On a fait un prélevement des fèces et étudies et des résultats analysés à travers l&apos;utilisation des méthodes statistique adéquates. P. Valeurs < O, 05 était considére important. Résultats: La fréquence des parasites intestinaux dans les communautés Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka et Adokpo était notée d&apos;être 71,5%, 65,5% et 40,5% respectivement. Ascaris lumbricoides était le parasite le plus ordinaire dans les trois centres (34,5%, 28,5% et 19,0% respectivement pour des communautés Tyogbenda, Jato-Aka et Adkpo. Des autres parasites identifiés sont : Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba cole, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, strongyloides stercoralis schistosome mansoni et trichuris trichura. Infestation parasitique multiple était ordinaire dans des communatés où la qualité des aménagements d&apos;alimentation en eau et méthodes de traitement des ordures sont inférieur. Conclusion: La fréquence du parasitisme intestinal est encore élevé dans des communautés rurales nigérianes. La décision actuelle du Ministère Fédéral des ressources de l&apos;eau de fournir de l&apos;eau buvable dans toutes les communautés rurales nigérianes devrait être soutenue. Par ailleurs, un programme sur le renseignement médical devrait être clairement créé et intergré dans la politique des soins médical primaire actuels pour le pays

Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa In Contemporary Medical Practice: Findings From Urinary Isolates At A Nigerian University Teaching Hospital

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that is often encountered in urinary tract infection (UTI) worldwide and has shown varied antibiotic susceptibility patterns. This study was therefore designed to ascertain the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the organism in Jos. Data on antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa generated from urine samples by the Microbiology laboratory of Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) was compiled for a period of three years (July 2001- June 2004). Additional information was obtained from the records department of the hospital. Samples were collected, stored and processed using standard laboratory procedures. The rate of isolation of P. aeruginosa from urine samples was found to be 4.6% (n=127) from 12,458 samples. From male population 34% (n=43) were isolated and 66% (n=84) were recovered from females population with a significant (P < 0.05) gender difference. All the 100% isolates of P. aeruginosa were resistant to penicillin, cloxacillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid. While 67% were sensitive to augmentin, sensitivity to ofloxacin was 92%, ciprofloxacin 92% and cefuroxime (86%). The resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa from urine against antibiotics was extremely high. Prophylactic antibiotic medication against UTI should be carefully weighed against this undesirable possible outcome (resistance). Susceptibility testing should be adopted as a basic routine laboratory procedure in hospitals and clinics in order to guide appropriately on the right choice of antibiotics. Finally, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime should be considered on isolation of P. aeruginosa from UTI, especially in the absence of a sensitivity report as well as for prophylactic options

Human Intestinal Parasitism in a Rural Settlement of Northern Nigeria, a Survey.

Intestinal parasites are still a common feature among our communities. This study was set out to ascertain this. One hundred and fifty respondents were recruited into the study. A pretested questionnaire was interviewer administered to the respondents with specific hygienic components such as: sources of drinking water, methods of sewage disposal and water purification among others. Stool samples were collected from all the interviewed and analysed microscopically and findings analysed. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites in Mbangough community was 62%(96 out of 150). The commonest parasite encountered was Ascaris lumbricoides (44%), followed by Enterobius vermicularis (14%) and Entamoeba histolytica (11.3%). Other parasites were Entamoeba coli 3.3%, Hookworm 6.0%, Schistosoma mansoni 1.3%, Taenia species 7.3%, while the least common parasite encountered was Strongyloides stercoralis 0.6%.. None of the respondents had access to pipe borne water or bore hole. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Mbangough community is still quite high. Government should invigorate in her pursuit towards the provision of primary health care facilities in our communities such as drilling of bore holes, more coordinated health education campaigns to include proper sewage disposal mechanisms. Furthermore, health education should be made a compulsory course in all primary schools as well as all adult and literacy classes in order to establish a permanent culture of healthcare awareness. Keywords: Intestinal Parasites, rural community, SurveyThe Nigerian Medical Practitioner Vol. 51 (1&2) 2007: pp. 11-1

Human intestinal parasitism in a rural settlement of northern Nigeria, a survey

Intestinal parasites are still a common feature among our communities. This study was set out to ascertain this. One hundred and fifty respondents were recruited into the study. A pretested questionnaire was administered to the respondents with specific hygienic components such as: sources of drinking water, methods of sewage disposal and water purification among others. Stool samples were collected and analysed microscopically and findings analysed. The overall prevalence of intestinal parssites in Mbangough community was 62%(96 out of 150). The commonest parasite encountered was Ascaris lumbricoides (44%), followed by Enterobius vermicularis (14%) and Entamoeba histolytica (11.3%). Other parasites were Entamoeba coli 3.3%, Hookworm 6.0%, Schistosoma mansoni 1.3%, Taenia species 7.3%, while the least common parasite encountered was Strongyloides stercoralis 0.6%.. None of the respondents had access to pipe borne water or bore hole. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Mbangough community is still quite high. Government should invigorate in her pursuit towards the provision of primary health care facilities in our communities Also health education should be made a compulsory course in all primary schools as well as all adult and literacy classes African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 8 (1) 2007: pp. 48-8

Beliefs and perceptions about Acquired Immunodeficieny Syndrome (AIDS) of a Nigerian rural community: Implication for prevention and policy initiative

Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has assumed a disease of epidemic dimension both in Nigeria's rural and urban communities. Different people have varying knowledge and beliefs about this disease. This study was designed to assess the beliefs and perceptions of the people of Ihugh community in that regard. A structured questionnaire was interviewer administered to assess their beliefs and perceptions about AIDS, results were analyzed by simple descriptive methods. Of the 500 respondents, 65%(n=325) believed that AIDS is found only in cities while 69.7%(n=345) were of the opinion that AIDS can be cured by traditional means. Sixty five percent (n=326) believed that some people are destined for AIDS while 75.8%(n=482) were of the opinion that AIDS can be acquired through witches and wizards; 71.1%(n=488) believed AIDS can be acquired through curses. A large number of the respondents (63.0%) claimed they did not know where to go for routine HIV screening. Conclusion: Health education program should be designed for the people of Ihugh community in the context of their peculiarities. This should include town cry, health talk at their worship centres and local gatherings. The electronic and print media are not the best based on their peculiarities. Keywords: Beliefs; Perceptions; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology Vol. 8 (1) 2007: pp. 40-4