Histoire d’une innovation agricole récente à l’échelle régionale : sélection et circulation des sorghos repiqués dans le bassin tchadien

International audienceLe sorgho repiqué a fait l’objet d’une large diffusion dans le bassin du lac Tchad au XXe siècle. Cette culture présente une forte diversité variétale. Les nomenclatures paysannes suggèrent des groupes géographiquement distincts, subdivisés en variétés locales selon des critères qui peuvent varier en fonction des sociétés. À partir d’une taxonomie simplifiée en langue véhiculaire (fulfulde) et de la structure des diversités agro-morphologique et génétique du sorgho repiqué, nous montrons que la variation repose moins sur la définition de catégories taxonomiques intermédiaires (groupes variétaux) que sur celle, plus fine, de taxons terminaux en langues locales (types nommés). Cela est expliqué à l’échelle locale par les pratiques de sélection et de gestion variétale des agriculteurs. La proximité génétique des sorghos repiqués avec certaines populations de sorgho pluvial apporte de nouveaux éléments soutenant les hypothèses sur l’histoire évolutive des sorghos repiqués. L’association du sorgho repiqué à plusieurs clusters génétiques et plusieurs haplotypes chloroplastiques, la circulation régionale relativement récente ainsi que le statut de vivrier marchand du sorgho repiqué ne permettent pas de tracer des frontières géographiques ou culturelles dans la répartition actuelle du sorgho repiqué

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors

Structure spatiale génétique et niveau de diversité intrapopulation chez les arbres forestiers

National audienc

Genetic diversity of Tamarindus indica populations: Any clues on the origin from its current distribution?

International audienceTamarindus indica is a domesticated species of high economic value for the Sahel region. Despite this importance, very few data is available on its diversity as well as its structure leading to controversial discussions on its origin. Thus it is questionable whether the knowledge of its genetic diversity and organisation may help in identifying the area of its origin. We have studied 10 populations using markers RAPDs with the seeds collected from Asia (India and Thailand), Africa (Burkina Faso, Senegal, Kenya and Tanzania), from three islands (Madagascar, Réunion and Guadeloupe). The results showed that T. indica has a high intra population genetic variability with a higher value obtained in the population from Cameroon. This high intra-population variability did not allow us to determinate the origin of the species. However, if we take into account the paleontological and anthropological results, we can assume that T. indica has an African origin

Genetic diversity of Tamarindus indica populations: Any clues on the origin from its current distribution?

International audienceTamarindus indica is a domesticated species of high economic value for the Sahel region. Despite this importance, very few data is available on its diversity as well as its structure leading to controversial discussions on its origin. Thus it is questionable whether the knowledge of its genetic diversity and organisation may help in identifying the area of its origin. We have studied 10 populations using markers RAPDs with the seeds collected from Asia (India and Thailand), Africa (Burkina Faso, Senegal, Kenya and Tanzania), from three islands (Madagascar, Réunion and Guadeloupe). The results showed that T. indica has a high intra population genetic variability with a higher value obtained in the population from Cameroon. This high intra-population variability did not allow us to determinate the origin of the species. However, if we take into account the paleontological and anthropological results, we can assume that T. indica has an African origin

Breeding system and pollination biology of the semi-domesticated fruit tree, Tamarindus indica L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): Implications for fruit production, selective breeding, and conservation of genetic resources

International audienceIn this paper, we provide data on the breeding system of Tamarindus indica, examining fruit production as well as pollen tube growth under different controlled pollination experiments (open, cross and self pollination). We discuss implications of the results for management for fruit production in Tamarind, conservation of genetic resources and the potential for selective breeding. Observation of the germination and the pollen tubes growth under various pollination modes show that the tamarind is an incompatible species partially. This incompatibility appears at the pre level zygotic (IE on the level of the stigmatic, style and ovary) and post zygotic by the abortion of seeds

Breeding system and pollination biology of the semi-domesticated fruit tree, Tamarindus indica L. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): Implications for fruit production, selective breeding, and conservation of genetic resources

International audienceIn this paper, we provide data on the breeding system of Tamarindus indica, examining fruit production as well as pollen tube growth under different controlled pollination experiments (open, cross and self pollination). We discuss implications of the results for management for fruit production in Tamarind, conservation of genetic resources and the potential for selective breeding. Observation of the germination and the pollen tubes growth under various pollination modes show that the tamarind is an incompatible species partially. This incompatibility appears at the pre level zygotic (IE on the level of the stigmatic, style and ovary) and post zygotic by the abortion of seeds