Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) on the territory of the Šumava national park - biology, occurrence and methods of forest protection

<p>(A) Simulated voltage clamp traces of homomeric Kv7.4 channel at 28°C from holding potential of −90 mV, where the voltage was stepped to values up to +40 mV in increments of 10 mV, subsequently stepped down to −120 mV. (B) Steady state activation curves from Miceli et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref096" target="_blank">96</a>]. (C) Simulated activation fast time constant derived from experimental data (filled circles) from Schröder et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref034" target="_blank">34</a>].</p

Effect of increasing the extracellular ATP concentration.

<p>Simulation of the mathematical model in free-running mode, showing the effect of increasing the extracellular ATP concentration on the myometrium AP waveform. Key to ATP concentrations during 10-sec application: light blue: nil; blue: 10 <i>μ</i>M; black: 100 <i>μ</i>M; green: 1 mM; and red: 10 mM.</p

Properties of <i>I</i>_Kv9.3.

<p>(A) Normalised <i>I</i>_Kv9.3 current trace in simulated voltage-clamp experiments. Currents are recorded during 1 s voltage steps to potentials ranging from −50 to 80 mV from a holding potential of −60 mV. (B) Simulated (solid triangles) peak <i>I</i>–<i>V</i> relationship obtained from the series of experiments shown in (A). Values are normalised to the peak current value. (C) Steady state activation and inactivation curves from Patel et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>]. (D) Simulated activation time constant derived from experimental data (filled circles) from Patel et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>].</p

Calcium dynamics.

<p>(A) Calcium fluorescence signal (dots) together with the least-squares fit of the calcium excitation model (solid line); parameter estimates are given in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>. (B) Reconstructed calcium concentration time course obtained using the model with these estimates.</p

Potential conductance species included in the model.

<p>Potential conductance species included in the model.</p

Properties of <i>I</i>_{BK_{<i>α</i>+<i>β</i>3}}.

<p>(A) Simulated voltage clamp traces of BK_{<i>α</i>+<i>β</i>3} channel from holding potential of −180 mV, where the voltage was stepped to values up to +80 mV in 10 mV increments for various <i>μ</i>M [Ca²⁺]<i>_i</i>, then stepped back to −180 mV (B) Simulated steady-state <i>I−V</i> relationship obtained from the series of voltage clamp experiments shown in (A). Values are normalised to the peak current values.</p

Properties of <i>I</i>_SK₃.

<p>(A) Simulated voltage clamp traces of SK3 channel from holding potential of −80 mV, where the voltage was stepped to test potential up to +80 mV in 10 mV increments in 5 <i>μ</i>M [Ca²⁺]<i>_i</i> (B) Activation variable obtained from experimental data of Xia et al [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004828#pcbi.1004828.ref023" target="_blank">23</a>] as function of [Ca²⁺]<i>_i</i>.</p

Channel density upper bounds.

<p>Channel density upper bounds.</p