Būsto politika skirtinguose gerovės modeliuose

This article seeks to explore housing policy in different welfare state regimes. It incorporates into the analysis of housing policy and welfare state regimes some new EU countries from Central and Eastern Europe. Six countries are chosen, which represent most the ideal typical models of the welfare state, for deeper analysis: Sweden - social-democratic, Germany - conservative-corporatist, the United Kingdom - liberal, Spain – Southern European, the Czech Republic and Estonia - post-communist. The findings of this paper show that, despite similar trends towards the liberalization in the housing policy field, the countries analysed in this study still hold their own specific features, which coincide with the main features of the conceptual models of the housing policy and welfare state regimes. The post-communist housing policy model holds the following characteristics: the private ownership dominates the housing tenure; the market regulates the housing sector, state’s regulation is negligible; construction is carried by the large private companies; outdated and worn-out housing estates, built during the period of socialism, require complete renovation or demolition.Santrauka. Straipsnis siekia ištirti būsto politiką skirtinguose gerovės valstybės modeliuose, įtraukiant į būsto modelių klasifikaciją ir naująsias Europos Sąjungos šalis iš Vidurio ir Rytų Europos. Gilesnei ana­lizei pasirenkamos šešios šalys, geriausiai atstovaujančios idealius gerovės valstybės modelius: Švedija – so­cialdemokratinį, Vokietija – konservatyvųjį-korporatyvinį, Jungtinė Karalystė – liberalųjį, Ispanija – Pi­etų Europos, Čekija ir Estija – pokomunistinį. Analizė atskleidė, kad nepaisant panašių tendencijų būsto liberalizavimo link, šalys iki šiol išlaiko tik joms būdingus bruožus, o konceptualūs būsto politikos modeliai, atitinkantys gerovės valstybės modelius, iki šiol atspindi realias juos atstovaujančių šalių būsto politikos sistemas. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: būsto politika, gerovės valstybė, būsto politikos modeliai, dekomodifikacija, Vi­durio ir Rytų Europa Key words: housing policy, welfare state, housing policy models, de-commodification, Central and Eastern Europe. ABSTRACT HOUSING POLICY IN DIFFERENCE WELFARE STATE REGIMES This article seeks to explore housing policy in different welfare state regimes. It incorporates into the analysis of housing policy and welfare state regimes some new EU countries from Central and Eastern Europe. Six countries are chosen, which represent most the ideal typical models of the welfare state, for deeper analysis: Sweden - social-democratic, Germany - conservative-corporatist, the United Kingdom - liberal, Spain – Southern European, the Czech Republic and Estonia - post-communist. The findings of this paper show that, despite similar trends towards the liberalization in the housing policy field, the countries analysed in this study still hold their own specific features, which coincide with the main features of the conceptual models of the housing policy and welfare state regimes. The post-communist housing policy model holds the following characteristics: the private ownership dominates the housing tenure; the market regulates the housing sector, state’s regulation is negligible; construction is carried by the large private companies; outdated and worn-out housing estates, built during the period of socialism, require complete renovation or demolition. Pastaba. Straipsnis parengtas pagal Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansuojamą projektą Būsto politika Li­etuvoje: raida, problemos ir pilietinės iniciatyvos. Projekto numeris LMT SIN-18/2012

Social policy changes in the three Baltic states over the last decade (2000–2012)

Paper deals with changes in social policy (social security and health care) in the three Baltic states over the last decade. It seeks to elucidate the emerging differences among the three Baltic states in their social policy arrangements. The study employs inductive methods for the analysis of social security institutions, pursuing a comparative institutional analysis by means of macro level descriptive statistics. The paper demonstrates that in the period 2008–2012, the differences among the three countries in social policy arrangements have exacerbated. Estonia has handled the global financial crisis much better and managed to keep more solidarity and universalism in social policy as well as higher benefit levels as compared with Latvia and Lithuania

Assessing social justice in education in different welfare state regimes: the Swedish, Scottish and German cases

The article aims to find out if there are any differences or similarities in how the education system and monitoring indicators of social justice in education are organized in different welfare state regimes. Countries representing three welfare state regimes delineated by Easping-Andersen are chosen for deeper analyses: Sweden as exemplified by a social-democratic regime, Germany—the best example of a conservative-corporatist regime, and Scotland (one of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom)—a liberal regime. An overview of the Swedish, Scottish and German experiences have revealed common features, but also major differences in how the education system is organized, and what kind of social justice indicators are prioritised and collected. At present, EU countries are faced with similar challenges in the education system as a response to the increasing impacts of globalization and Europeanization. Emphasis in the EU is put on life-long learning due to the increase in information and communication technologies in human lives. Yet the aging of the European population has also forced the consideration of adult education as an effective tool to help the elderly remain longer in the labour market. The increasing scopes of migration in the globalized world have placed issues of immigrants’ inclusion, their social status and rights on the priority agenda in all highly industrialized countries. These are mirrored in the collection and monitoring of the indicators of social justice in the countries under investigation. Nevertheless, differences still persist. In Sweden, a long-term social-democratic tradition has ensured that major territorial differences, as well as class differences, in access to the education system have been almost eliminated. The highest education is easily accessible to anyone who wishes to study. The emphasis is put on equal opportunities, full employment and gender equality. Recently, the integration of pupils with special needs and of immigrant background has become a priority in the Swedish policy on education. In Sweden, various data on social justice in education has been collected, but the intensity is paced on the indicators of educational achievement, social mobility and employability, and their distribution by sex, place of birth, language spoken at home, disability and age. Scotland, as an example of a liberal welfare state, puts special emphasis on improving the social status of the most vulnerable groups in society. The liberal welfare state tends to intervene only when people cannot take care for themselves. Attention is paid to social inclusion, safety in schools and various equality indicators (students’ educational attainment indicators and their distribution by sex, age, disability, racial/ethnic and religious affiliation). Much attention is also paid to the accumulation of indicators on students with special needs. The system of data collection and monitoring in Germany is distinguished by its density of quantitative (number of schools, pupils/students, teachers, universities and so on) and educational attainment indicators, which are contrasted among Germany’s 16 federations. The conservative-corporatist welfare state seeks to preserve differences in the social status. Therefore, the main aim is to guarantee the diversity of schooling and its availability. Emphasis is put on a vocational education and training, and, recently, on life-long learning. In the German education system it is easy to move from higher to lower types of schooling, but not vice versa. Such a system is particularly unfavourable to children of an immigrant background because of their poor German language skills. They are not only unable to move on to a higher secondary school, but often fail to finish school. Therefore, the attention recently has focused on immigrants’ inclusion and integration issues. Accordingly, the indicators of educational achievement and performance are compared on a basis of nationality. To summarize, the findings of this article indicate that a distinct welfare state regime implies the difference in support for the education system, which produces varied effects on monitoring indicators of social justice in education.Straipsnyje apžvelgiama trijų šalių, atstovaujančių Esping-Andersen gerovės valstybių tipams, patirtis taikant socialinio teisingumo švietime stebėseną ir vertinimą, rodiklius ar jų sistemas. Siekiama atskleisti pagrindinius įvairių gerovės valstybės modelių skirtumus bei panašumus stebint bei matuojant socialinio teisingumo rodiklius. Apžvelgta Švedijos, Škotijos ir Vokietijos patirtis, vertinant bei matuojant socialinį teisingumą švietime, atskleidė bendrus bruožus bei skirtumus socialinės politikos ir švietimo organizavimo, finansavimo ir ideologizavimo aspektais. Skirtinga socialinė politika suponuoja skirtingą paramą švietimo sistemai, todėl ir skirtingą poveikį socialinio teisingumo rodikliams švietime

SOCIAL POLICY CHANGES IN THE THREE BALTIC STATES OVER THE LAST DECADE (2000–2012)

Abstract. This paper deals with changes in social policy (social security and health care) in the three Baltic states over the last decade. It seeks to elucidate the emerging differences among the three Baltic states in their social policy arrangements. The study employs inductive methods for the analysis of social security institutions, pursuing a comparative institutional analysis by means of macro level descriptive statistics. The paper demonstrates that in the period 2008–2012, the differences among the three countries in social policy arrangements have exacerbated. Estonia has handled the global financial crisis much better and managed to keep more solidarity and universalism in so cial policy as well as higher benefit levels as compared with Latvia and Lithuania.Key words: social security, health care, Baltic states, welfare state, difference