4,263 research outputs found
Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes
Researchers previously have investigated the role of race in capital sentencing, and in particular, whether the race of the defendant or victim influences the likelihood of a death sentence. In the present study, we examined whether the likelihood of being sentenced to death is influenced by the degree to which a Black defendant is perceived to have a stereotypically Black appearance. Controlling for a wide array of factors, we found that in cases involving a White victim, the more stereotypically Black a defendant is perceived to be, the more likely that person is to be sentenced to death
Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes
Researchers previously have investigated the role of race in capital sentencing, and in particular, whether the race of the defendant or victim influences the likelihood of a death sentence. In the present study, we examined whether the likelihood of being sentenced to death is influenced by the degree to which a Black defendant is perceived to have a stereotypically Black appearance. Controlling for a wide array of factors, we found that in cases involving a White victim, the more stereotypically Black a defendant is perceived to be, the more likely that person is to be sentenced to death
The Virtual Child: Evaluation of an InternetâBased Pediatric Behavior Management Simulation
This article describes an Internetâbased instructional tool designed to give predoctoral dental students a virtual simulation of clinical pediatric dentistry to develop their pediatric behavior management knowledge. Effectiveness of this tool was evaluated using two consecutive classes of junior dental students. The control group was exposed to the traditional behavior management curriculum (two lectures) in a spring term course. The next class of dental students was exposed to the two lectures and, in addition, completed the behavior management simulation during the following spring term. Both groups completed a twoâpart examination (objective section=18 questions; openâended section=responses to a clinical situation) designed to test their behavior management knowledge. The simulation group performed significantly better in both parts of the examination (objective section: p=.028; openâended section: p=.012). The simulation was evaluated by students and perceived by most to be an effective addition to the curriculum. It was concluded that the experimental behavior management simulation, when added to the traditional lecture curriculum, improved pediatric behavior management knowledge in predoctoral dental students.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153691/1/jddj002203372007719tb04383x.pd
Modification of the Landau-Lifshitz Equation in the Presence of a Spin-Polarized Current in CMR and GMR Materials
We derive a continuum equation for the magnetization of a conducting
ferromagnet in the presence of a spin-polarized current. Current effects enter
in the form of a topological term in the Landau-Lifshitz equation . In the
stationary situation the problem maps onto the motion of a classical charged
particle in the field of a magnetic monopole. The spatial dependence of the
magnetization is calculated for a one-dimensional geometry and suggestions for
experimental observation are made. We also consider time-dependent solutions
and predict a spin-wave instability for large currents.Comment: 4 two-column pages in RevTex, 3 ps-figure
Long-Term Exposure to an Invasive Fungal Pathogen Decreases Eptesicus fuscus Body Mass With Increasing Latitude
Abstract Invasive pathogens threaten wildlife health and biodiversity. Physiological responses of species highly susceptible to pathogen infections following invasion are well described. However, the responses of less susceptible species (relative to highly susceptible species) are not well known. Latitudinal gradients, which can influence body condition via Bergmann\u27s rule and/or reflect the time it takes for an introduced pathogen to spread geographically, add an additional layer for how mammalian species respond to pathogen exposure. Our goal was to understand how hosts less susceptible to pathogen infections respond to longâterm pathogen exposure across a broad latitudinal gradient. We examined changes in body mass throughout pathogen exposure time across the eastern United States (latitude ranging 30.5° Nâ44.8° N) in Eptesicus fuscus, a bat species classified as less susceptible to infection (relative to highly susceptible species) by the invasive fungal pathogen that causes whiteânose syndrome, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd). Using 30 years of spring through fall adult capture records, we created linear mixedâeffects models for female and male bats to determine how mass or mass variation changed across the eastern United States from preâPd invasion years through Pd invasion (0â1 years with Pd), epidemic (2â4 years with Pd), and established years (5+ years with Pd). By Pd establishment, all female and male bats decreased body mass with increasing latitude across a spatial threshold at 39.6° N. Differences in bat mass north and south of the spatial threshold progressively increased over Pd exposure timeâsteps such that body mass was lower in northern latitudes compared to southern latitudes by Pd establishment. Results indicated that the progressive differences in E. fuscus body mass with latitude across the eastern United States are due to longâterm pathogen exposure; however, other environmental and ecological pressures may contribute to decreases in E. fuscus body mass with latitude and longâterm pathogen exposure. As pathogen introductions and emerging infectious diseases become more prevalent on the landscape, it is imperative that we understand how less susceptible species directly and indirectly respond to longâterm pathogen exposure in order to maintain population health in surviving species
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AAPM medical physics practice guideline 10.a.: Scope of practice for clinical medical physics.
The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) is a nonprofit professional society whose primary purposes are to advance the science, education, and professional practice of medical physics. The AAPM has more than 8000 members and is the principal organization of medical physicists in the United States. The AAPM will periodically define new practice guidelines for medical physics practice to help advance the science of medical physics and to improve the quality of service to patients throughout the United States. Existing medical physics practice guidelines will be reviewed for the purpose of revision or renewal, as appropriate, on their fifth anniversary or sooner. Each medical physics practice guideline (MPPG) represents a policy statement by the AAPM, has undergone a thorough consensus process in which it has been subjected to extensive review, and requires the approval of the Professional Council. The medical physics practice guidelines recognize that the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiation requires specific training, skills, and techniques as described in each document. As the review of the previous version of AAPM Professional Policy (PP)-17 (Scope of Practice) progressed, the writing group focused on one of the main goals: to have this document accepted by regulatory and accrediting bodies. After much discussion, it was decided that this goal would be better served through a MPPG. To further advance this goal, the text was updated to reflect the rationale and processes by which the activities in the scope of practice were identified and categorized. Lastly, the AAPM Professional Council believes that this document has benefitted from public comment which is part of the MPPG process but not the AAPM Professional Policy approval process. The following terms are used in the AAPM's MPPGs: Must and Must Not: Used to indicate that adherence to the recommendation is considered necessary to conform to this practice guideline. Should and Should Not: Used to indicate a prudent practice to which exceptions may occasionally be made in appropriate circumstances
Technicolor Theories with Negative S
We show that the pseudo Nambu--Goldstone boson contribution to the
Peskin--Takeuchi electroweak parameter can be negative in a class of
technicolor theories. This negative contribution can be large enough to cancel
the positive techni-hadron contribution, showing that electroweak precision
tests alone cannot be used to rule out technicolor as the mechanism of
electroweak symmetry breaking.Comment: (LBL-32893, UCB-PTH 92/34, 10 pages; we added a discussion of
uncertainties, fine-tuning, and SU(2) asymptotic freedom; the conclusions are
unchanged.
Doping evolution of the phonon density of states and electron-lattice interaction in NdCeCuO
We use inelastic neutron scattering to study the evolution of the generalized
phonon density of states (GDOS) of the -type high- superconductor
NdCeCuO (NCCO), from the half-filled Mott-insulator
() to the K superconductor (). Upon doping the CuO
planes in NdCuO (NCO) with electrons by Ce substitution, the
most significant change in the GDOS is the softening of the highest phonon
branches associated with the Cu-O bond stretching and out-of-plane oxygen
vibration modes. However, the softening occurs within the first few percent of
Ce-doping and is not related to the electron doping induced
nonsuperconducting-superconducting transition (NST) at . These
results suggest that the electron-lattice coupling in the -type high-
superconductors is different from that in the -type materials.Comment: 4 pages and 3 figure
Oblique Corrections To The W Width
The lowest-order expression for the partial width to , has no oblique radiative
corrections from new physics if the measured mass is used. Here GeV/ is the muon decay constant. For
the present value of GeV/, and with
GeV, one expects MeV. The total
width is also expected to lack oblique corrections from
new physics, so that . Present data are consistent with this prediction.Comment: 15 pages (LaTeX), one PostScript figure not included (available upon
request
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