Pay Differences Between Women's and Men's Jobs: The Empirical Foundations of Comparable Worth Legislation

Civil rights legislation of the 1960s made it illegal foran employer to pay men and women on different bases for the same work or to discriminate against women in hiring, job assignment, or promotion. Two decades later, however, the ratio of women's to men's earnings has shown little upward movement. Furthermore, major sex differences in occupational distribution persist with predominantly female jobs typically paying less than predominantly male jobs. This negative relationship between wage rates and femaleness of occupatiop has stimulated efforts, in both the judicial and political arenas, to establish "comparable worth" procedures for setting wage rates.This paper etimates the relationship between wages and femaleness of occupation and finds that it is indeed negative even after controlling for relevant worker and job characteristics. The magnitude of the relationship, however, implies a surprisingly small effect for a comprehensive comparable worth policy. The estimates indicate that, even if comparable worth succeeded in eliminating this negative relationship, the disparity between mean male and female wages would be reduced by well under ten percent of its current magnitude.

Geographical Survey of Grant County, North Dakota

The purpose of this study is to present * geographic survey of Grant County, North Dakota, in the areas of physical, economic, and cultural geography. Procedures utilised involved a gathering of source material from libraries and various state and county officials. All gathered material was read and analysed, a ground survey of the county was made, photographs ware taken, and maps were compiled from gathered information. Grant County is located in south-western North Dakota on the Missouri Plateau. The county is irregular in shape and has an area of 1,672 square miles. The ares has a mid-continental, BSw climate, January temperatures average 12,2° and July averages 70,6°. Average annual precipitation is 16,46 inches. The topography of the county exhibits great variation but may generally be classified as gently rolling, Morton end Bainville are the predominant soil types, Water resources are limited to a faw permanent rivers, one large lake, stock dams and intermittent streams, The economy of Grant County is primarily agricultural. Livestock and cash-grain farms dominate. Mineral resources are limited with the exception of lignite. The population of Grant County began to decline in 1930, a trend which still continues. The I960 population of the oounty was 6,2^8, Permanent settlement in the area began about 1900 and began on a large scale In 1910, The county has an adequate transportation system* a reasonably well developed school system and limited but varied recreational facilities

Pre-Spawning Migration of Channel Catfish into Three Warmwater Tributaries-Effects of a Cold Tailwater

Spring migrations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) into the Kings, Mulberry and Buffalo rivers, Arkansas, were compared to determine adult catfish migration into a warm water river that flows into a cold tailwater. The Buffalo River flows into a cold tailwater reach of the White River and supports a sparse channel catfish population compared to similar rivers in the region that do not flow into cold tailwaters. This is an important factor because many recent studies have demonstrated that channel catfish make pre-spawning migrations into tributary streams and may contribute significantly to tributary populations. To assess channel catfish migration, hoop nets were deployed at the confluence of the three rivers and fished continuously from 29 March to 22 April1992, with total catches used as an index of the relative number of fish migrating into each river. Movements of channel catfish into the three rivers were observed throughout April; however, the relative number migrating into the Buffalo River (n=33) was significantly less than the Kings (n=169) or Mulberry (n=263) Rivers. Water temperature differed significantly between the White and Buffalo Rivers during the sampling period, but did not differ between the Kings or Mulberry, and their respective confluence. Although cold, White River tailwaters do not totally inhibit overwintering and migration of adult channel catfish into the Buffalo River, reduced numbers of migratory catfish may partially account for the river\u27s low reproductive output and sparse adult population

The Attainment of Pay Equity Between the Sexes by Legal Means: An Economic Analysis

The purpose of this Article is to present an analysis of the gap between men\u27s and women\u27s wages with particular emphasis on the likely effects of various existing and proposed legal remedies. Part I sets out a simple ideal statistical model of wage determination. Its purpose is to identify carefully the potential impact of alternative legal remedies such as the Equal Pay Act, Title VII, and proposed policies like comparable worth. This model is ideal in the sense that, although it could be estimated in principle, there is no data set currently available with which it could actually be estimated. Part II explores the impact of these various legal remedies on individual organizations, because each existing or proposed remedy would be implemented on an organization- by-organization basis rather than on an economy wide basis. Part III addresses the empirical dimensions of the problem raised by the comparable worth movement-the average wage disparity between men\u27s jobs and women\u27s jobs. We initially offer a range of estimates of the potential impact of comparable worth on the average male-female wage gap in the United States based on the assumption that there would be no secondary effects on employment, relative prices, and other wage levels. This assumption is lifted in Part IV, which discusses the adjustments that organizations affected by comparable worth or other laws would make in their employment of different types of labor, the associated wage rates, and their product prices. Consideration of these secondary effects implies that legal interventions designed to improve the relative labor market status of women might have very different effects from those expected under the zero-adjustment assumption of Part III

Pultrusion Die Assembly

This invention relates generally to pultrusion die assemblies, and more particularly, to a pultrusion die assembly which incorporates a plurality of functions in order to produce a continuous, thin composite fiber reinforced thermoplastic material. The invention is useful for making high performance thermoplastic composite materials in sheets which can be coiled on a spool and stored for further processing

A Guide to the Common Native and Exotic Thistles of South Dakota

This guide was compiled to provide an aid for the rapid identification of the more common pest and non-pest thistle species in South Dakota. Because of the great expense of managing and controlling invasive thistles in rangelands, pastures, and croplands, it is essential to be accurate in the identification of any species at hand. The recognition of native species not only helps maintain local biodiversity, but also prevents wasted effort, controls costs, and minimizes herbicide use and chemical pollution. It should be noted that native thistles are important both as floral resources for native pollinating insects and as seed sources for birds. To a certain degree, invasive thistle species are also important in these regards, but their negative impact to native communities outweighs their supplementary value. There are 11 species of plants in South Dakota commonly called thistle. This does not include sow thistle (Sonchus spp.) or Russian thistle (Salsola spp.), neither of which is closely related to true thistles. Six of these 11 are native species and are natural components of prairie, meadow, or woodland habitats. The remaining five are exotic species from Europe and Asia that were introduced to the U.S. The exotics are invasive weeds and have significant economic impact on crop and livestock production, native biological community stability, and recreation. This guide is useful for discriminating between the five native and five exotic species most commonly found in South Dakota

Facilitation of the Estuary/Ocean Subgroup for Federal Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation, FY10 Annual Report

The Estuary/Ocean Subgroup (EOS) is part of the research, monitoring, and evaluation (RME) effort that the Action Agencies (Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation) developed in response to obligations arising from the Endangered Species Act as applied to operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS). The goal of the EOS project is to facilitate activities of the estuary/ocean RME subgroup as it coordinates design and implementation of federal RME in the lower Columbia River and estuary. The EOS is one of multiple work groups in the federal research, monitoring, and evaluation (RME) effort developed in response to responsibilities arising from the Endangered Species Act as a result of operation of the FCRPS. The EOS is tasked by NOAA Fisheries and the Action Agencies to design and coordinate implementation of the federal RME plan for the lower Columbia River and estuary, including the plume

Facilitation of the Estuary/Ocean Subgroup for Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation, FY06 Annual Report

This annual report is a deliverable for fiscal year 2006 (FY06) for Project 2002-077-00, Facilitation of the Estuary/Ocean Subgroup (EOS). The EOS is part of the research, monitoring, and evaluation (RME) effort the Action Agencies (Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation) developed in response to the 2000 and 2004 Biological Opinions on operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System. The goal of the EOS project is to facilitate activities of the estuary/ocean RME subgroup as it coordinates implementation of the Estuary RME Plan. In FY06, EOS project accomplishments included: 1) subgroup meetings; 2) participation in the estuary work group of the Pacific Northwest Aquatic Monitoring Partnership; 3) project management via the project tracking system, PISCES; 4) quarterly project status reports; and 5) a major revision to the Estuary RME Plan (new version May 2006) based on comments by EOS members, the Independent Scientific Review Panel, and other reviewers. In the context of uncertainty about the direction of the federal RME due to litigation on the FCRPS Biological Opinion, FY06 activities for the EOS project resulted in expanded substantive coordination with other regional RME forums, project tracking infrastructure, and a new version of the Estuary RME Plan

Eliminating Fruit and Vegetable Planting Restrictions: How Would Markets Be Affected?

Eighty-nine percent of American households were food secure throughout the entire year in 2005, meaning that they had access, at all times, to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members. The remaining households were food insecure at least some time during that year. The prevalence of food insecurity declined from 11.9 percent of households in 2004 to 11.0 percent in 2005, while the prevalence of very low food security remained unchanged at 3.9 percent. This report, based on data from the December 2005 food security survey, provides the most recent statistics on the food security of U.S. households, as well as on how much they spent for food and the extent to which food-insecure households participated in Federal and community food assistance programs. Survey responses indicate that the typical food-secure household in the U.S. spent 34 percent more on food than the typical food-insecure household of the same size and household composition. Just over one-half of all food-insecure households participated in one or more of the three largest Federal food assistance programs during the month prior to the survey. About 22 percent of food-insecure households—3.5 percent of all U.S. households—obtained emergency food from a food pantry at some time during the year.Food security, food insecurity, food spending, food pantry, hunger, soup kitchen, emergency kitchen, material well-being, Food Stamp Program, National School, Crop Production/Industries,

Efficient Algorithm for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Problems

A dynamic programming algorithm is proposed for a class of nonpoint source pollution control problems. The inherently combinatorial nature of these problems--stemming from the discrete nature of the decision variables, which are production and conservation practices--gives them a special knapsack structure with multiple right hand sides and additional multiple choice constraints. This paper focuses on the computer implementation of this algorithm and its numerical testing and behavior compared with standard integer programming codes. The results show the robustness and relative efficiency of the approach. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates that dynamic programming can be used to generate sensitivity analysis information for multiple choice knapsack problems