Working with teachers: the implementation and evaluation of an innovative in-service programme.

This thesis is concerned with the development and evaluation of a new approach to helping teachers change their classroom practice. The model adopted combined elements from the action-research model and the 'coaching' model, and findings from the curriculum implementation studies. Governments are concerned increasingly to introduce new centralised curricula in response to social changes or economic pressures. In the community there are calls for widespread reform of schooling at all levels. Also, with changes in their career patterns it is imperative that teachers, who are likely to be teaching for thirty or forty years, have available a sustained programme of professional development. Regardless of the origins of the calls for change, to be successful the introduction of a new school practice must be accompanied by a corollary programme of teacher education. Typically, however, in-service education has lacked direction, been inappropriate and been poorly executed. While the focus of the thesis is upon the fidelity of implementation of the new teaching strategy, it also reports on the teachers' understandings of the classroom dynamics, their feelings of self-confidence and perceptions of his or her principal as a supporter of classroom innovation. In the present economic and political climate judgements must be made about the worth of particular in-service programmes. Several important dimensions of an in-service programme were used to compare the innovative model with an action-research model and a 'typical' in-service model. On the criteria considered the innovative model fared better than the other two models. Recent changes to in-service education in the U.K., announced in DES Circular 6/86, have meant a high degree of similarity in the espoused purposes and procedures of the British and Australian Governments. The in-service programme outlined here is well-suited to the new in-service policies and financial arrangements in both countries

Adult hematological and biochemistry reference values (median and 95^th-percentile) comparison between locally-established reference intervals versus reference values from the Kisumu Incidence cohort study in western Kenya (2007–2010).

<p>Adult hematological and biochemistry reference values (median and 95^th-percentile) comparison between locally-established reference intervals versus reference values from the Kisumu Incidence cohort study in western Kenya (2007–2010).</p

Adolescent hematological and biochemistry reference values (median and 95^th-percentile) comparison between locally-established reference intervals for western Kenya versus reference values established from the Kisumu Incidence cohort study in western Kenya (2007–2010).

<p>Adolescent hematological and biochemistry reference values (median and 95^th-percentile) comparison between locally-established reference intervals for western Kenya versus reference values established from the Kisumu Incidence cohort study in western Kenya (2007–2010).</p

Hematological, immunologic and biochemistry reference intervals (median and 95^th-percentile) stratified by age and gender from a 13–34 years old cohort in rural western Kenya (2003–2005) [15].

<p>Hematological, immunologic and biochemistry reference intervals (median and 95^th-percentile) stratified by age and gender from a 13–34 years old cohort in rural western Kenya (2003–2005) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123140#pone.0123140.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>].</p

Comparisons between CAP/CTM dried blood spot and Abbott dried blood spot tests at different cut-offs using CAP/CTM plasma as the gold standard.

<p>Comparisons between CAP/CTM dried blood spot and Abbott dried blood spot tests at different cut-offs using CAP/CTM plasma as the gold standard.</p

Concordance correlation analyses of HIV-1 viral load (VL) quantification among plasma and dried plasma spot specimens collected from patients visiting Nyanza patient support centers and tested with CAP/CTM and Abbott.

<p><b>a)</b> CAP/CTM plasma vs. DPS VL; <b>b</b>) Abbott plasma vs. DPS VL.</p

Bland-Altman analyses to evaluate repeatability in HIV-1 viral load quantification in 40 detectable a) DBS b) DPS collected from patients visiting Nyanza patient support centers and tested with Abbott.

<p>The difference between the references Run 1 and the comparisons Run 2 were plotted against the average of the reference group.</p

Comparison of out-of-range values and frequency of adverse events among HIV infected pregnant/postpartum women in the Kisumu Breastfeeding Study (KiBS) obtained from using locally-established reference intervals for pregnant and non-pregnant women in Kenya, United States reference intervals and DAIDS toxicity tables.

<p>2012–2015.</p

Flow diagram of participants in the study.

<p>The sub study assessed every 6th participant in the parent study for eligibility (254 participants). One hundred and twenty paticipants were enrolled and followed up to 24 weeks postpartum. Of 120 enrolled participants, 32 did not complete all six study visit measurements due to a number of reasons including participant unable to be contacted, miscarriage, death, relocation and seroconversion.</p

Probit analysis for Abbott dried blood spot viral load limit of detection.

<p>Limit of detection 1,222copies/mL, 95% CI (978.12, 1873.7).</p