Appendix B. A table showing effects of neighbor control, seeding method, and mulch on seedling establishment and survivorship in three seeding years.

A table showing effects of neighbor control, seeding method, and mulch on seedling establishment and survivorship in three seeding years

Appendix A. A digital photograph of one of 240 study plots ( 3 × 10 m) in an old-field in southwest Saskatchewan, Canada.

A digital photograph of one of 240 study plots ( 3 × 10 m) in an old-field in southwest Saskatchewan, Canada

Appendix D. A table showing effects of neighbor control, seeding method, and mulch on standing crop and root mass in three seeding years.

A table showing effects of neighbor control, seeding method, and mulch on standing crop and root mass in three seeding years

Appendix C. A table showing effects of neighbor control, seeding method, and mulch on the total cover of nonnative species, the total cover of native species, and species richness in three seeding years.

A table showing effects of neighbor control, seeding method, and mulch on the total cover of nonnative species, the total cover of native species, and species richness in three seeding years

Appendix E. A table showing effects of neighbor control, seeding method, and mulch on soil moisture and available N in three seeding years.

A table showing effects of neighbor control, seeding method, and mulch on soil moisture and available N in three seeding years

MOESM1 of Relationship of suicide rates with climate and economic variables in Europe during 2000–2012

Additional file 1. Web appendix

Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies