Vascular Flora of Powhatan County, Virginia

Powhatan County is a largely rural county of the Virginia piedmont currently experiencing exurban development pressure. Commercial pine forests occupy much of the land area; most natural vegetation occurs in various hardwood forests. Plant life is supported largely by soils derived from Proterozoic to Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks, soils developed over Triassic basins, and riparian soils associated with the James and Appomattox Rivers. The annotated checklist is based on new collections gathered between September 2003 and August 2005, supplemented with records from regional herbaria and the Atlas of the Virginia Flora. Field work sampled at least 12 distinct community groups recognized in Virginia. The checklist contains 1020 taxa (1013 species, 515 genera, and 146 families). Twenty-one percent of the species are naturalized introductions. Twenty five species (2.5% of the total) are of conservation concern, and 118 collections (12% of the total) represent new records for Powhatan County

An Alternate to Accumulated Oxygen Deficit (AOD) for Measuring Anaerobic Contribution: ‘AODalt’ is Valid in Normoxia and Hypoxia

Accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) is the gold standard measure of anaerobic contribution; however, its calculation requires several contentious assumptions and it is time-consuming, requiring participants to perform a number of submaximal exercise bouts to establish exercise efficiency. A new method, AODalt, requires performance of only a single bout of exercise, and is based on the presumption that the fast phase of the post-exercise oxygen uptake (VO2) profile reflects the alactic or phosphocreatine (PCr) contribution and that the exercise-induced increase in blood lactate concentration is quantitatively related to the lactic or glycolytic contribution representing a measure of total anaerobic contribution. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of an alternate measure, AODalt. METHODS: In Study One, six women (mean ± SD age, 23 ± 1 y) and three men (23 ± 0 y) performed three 6-min bouts of heavy intensity cycle ergometer exercise, one in normoxia (FIO2 ~21 %) and two under hypoxic conditions (FIO2 ~15 % and ~12 %). In Study Two, four women (23 ± 1 y) and two men (23 ± 0 y) performed severe intensity tests to exhaustion, one in normoxia (time to exhaustion ~10 min) and two in hypoxia (FIO2 ~15 % and ~10 %; time to exhaustion ~7½ min and ~4 min). Physiological responses were measured during exercise and during 7 min of recovery. RESULTS: In 6 min of heavy exercise, Study One, the alternate and criterion measures of anaerobic contribution (AODalt and AOD, respectively) were correlated both in normoxia and in hypoxia (r ³ 0.82, p \u3c 0.01) although AODalt values were slightly lower (p \u3c 0.01) in normoxia (25 ± 3 mL·kg–1 vs 28 ± 4 mL·kg–1). In exhaustive severe intensity exercise, Study Two, the two measures of anaerobic capacity were correlated (r ³ 0.77, p £ 0.02) and not different (p ³ 0.43) in normoxia and at FIO2 ~15 % (e.g., 51 ± 9 mL·kg–1 vs 49 ± 8 mL·kg–1 in normoxia). However, the AODalt and AOD values were neither correlated (r = 0.27, p = 0.44) nor similar (p \u3c 0.01; 57 ± 8 mL·kg–1 vs 51 ± 7 mL·kg–1) at FIO2 ~10 %. CONCLUSION: These results confirm the validity of AODalt as a measure of anaerobic contribution / anaerobic capacity in severe intensity exercise, demonstrate its validity in heavy intensity exercise, and assert its validity in conditions of hypoxia (FIO2 ³ 12%)

Two- and three-dimensional simulations of core-collapse supernovae with CHIMERA

Ascertaining the core-collapse supernova mechanism is a complex, and yet unsolved, problem dependent on the interaction of general relativity, hydrodynamics, neutrino transport, neutrino-matter interactions, and nuclear equations of state and reaction kinetics. Ab initio modeling of core-collapse supernovae and their nucleosynthetic outcomes requires care in the coupling and approximations of the physical components. We have built our multi-physics CHIMERA code for supernova modeling in 1-, 2-, and 3-D, using ray-by-ray neutrino transport, approximate general relativity, and detailed neutrino and nuclear physics. We discuss some early results from our current series of exploding 2D simulations and our work to perform computationally tractable simulations in 3D using the "Yin-Yang" grid.Comment: Proceedings of the 12th Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos. 5-12 August 2012. Cairns, Australia. Published online at http://pos.sissa.it/archive/conferences/146/208/NIC%20XII_208.pdf Corrected typ

The Challenges of Multimorbidity from the Patient Perspective

BACKGROUND Although multiple co-occurring chronic illnesses within the same individual are increasingly common, few studies have examined the challenges of multimorbidity from the patient perspective. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the self-management learning needs and willingness to see non-physician providers of patients with multimorbidity compared to patients with single chronic illnesses. DESIGN. This research is designed as a cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS Based upon ICD-9 codes, patients from a single VHA healthcare system were stratified into multimorbidity clusters or groups with a single chronic illness from the corresponding cluster. Nonproportional sampling was used to randomly select 720 patients. MEASUREMENTS Demographic characteristics, functional status, number of contacts with healthcare providers, components of primary care, self-management learning needs, and willingness to see nonphysician providers. RESULTS Four hundred twenty-two patients returned surveys. A higher percentage of multimorbidity patients compared to single morbidity patients were "definitely" willing to learn all 22 self-management skills, of these only 2 were not significant. Compared to patients with single morbidity, a significantly higher percentage of patients with multimorbidity also reported that they were "definitely" willing to see 6 of 11 non-physician healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS Self-management learning needs of multimorbidity patients are extensive, and their preferences are consistent with team-based primary care. Alternative methods of providing support and chronic illness care may be needed to meet the needs of these complex patients.US Department of Veterans Affairs (01-110, 02-197); Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (K08 HS013008-02

Survey of Salamanders in Mississippi Limestone Caves

During 2000-2002 we surveyed for salamanders in the larger limestone caves of Mississippi, all within the Vicksburg Group rock unit. We found four species: Plethodon mississippi was the most abundant, followed by Eurycea guttolineata, Eurycea cirrigera, and Desmognathus conanti. We did not find Pseudotriton montanus in any of the caves, and question the validity of an investigator\u27s statement made nearly 45 years ago that, it is one of the most numerous salamanders in Mississippi. limestone caves. The salamander fauna we found is similar to that of the only other comprehensive survey of salamanders in Mississippi caves, conducted almost thirty years ago

Direct characterisation of tuneable few-femtosecond dispersive-wave pulses in the deep UV

Dispersive wave emission (DWE) in gas-filled hollow-core dielectric waveguides is a promising source of tuneable coherent and broadband radiation, but so far the generation of few-femtosecond pulses using this technique has not been demonstrated. Using in-vacuum frequency-resolved optical gating, we directly characterise tuneable 3fs pulses in the deep ultraviolet generated via DWE. Through numerical simulations, we identify that the use of a pressure gradient in the waveguide is critical for the generation of short pulses.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

The relationship between attachment style, anxiety sensitivity and interpretive bias among adolescent nonclinical panickers

Elevated anxiety sensitivity and the tendency to catastrophically misinterpret ambiguous bodily sensations has been demonstrated in people who experience nonclinical levels of panic (Richards, Austin, & Alvarenga, 2001), and anxiety sensitivity has been shown to be associated with insecure attachment in adolescents and young adults (Weems, Berman, Silverman, and Saavedra, 2001). This study investigated the relationship between attachment style, anxiety sensitivity and catastrophic misinterpretation among 11 nonclinical panickers and 58 nonanxious controls aged 18 to 19 years. Participants completed the Brief Bodily Sensations Interpretation Questionnaire (BBSIQ), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and an attachment questionnaire. The hypothesis that insecurely attached individuals would demonstrate greater catastrophic misinterpretation and higher anxiety sensitivity than securely attached individuals was not supported; however, nonclinical panickers gave more anxiety-related interpretations of ambiguous internal stimuli than nonanxious controls. Results do not support the notion that attachment style is related to anxiety sensitivity or catastrophic misinterpretation (regardless of panic experience). Results do, however, support the notion that anxiety-related misinterpretation of ambiguous somatic sensations precedes the onset of panic disorder

Performance of NACA Eight-stage Axial-flow Compressor Designed on the Basis of Airfoil Theory

The NACA has conducted an investigation to determine the performance that can be obtained from a multistage axial-flow compressor based on airfoil research. A theory was developed; an eight-stage axial-flow compressor was designed, constructed, and tested. The performance of the compressor was determined for speeds from 5000 to 14,000 r.p.m with varying air flow at each speed. Most of the tests were made with air at room temperature. The performance was determined in accordance with the Committee's recommended procedure for testing superchargers. The expected performance was obtained, showing that a multistage compressor of high efficiency can be designed by the application of airfoil theory

Subcellular components of probiotics Kocuria SM1 and Rhodococcus SM2 induce protective immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) against Vibrio anguillarum

The efficacy of cellular components of probiotics Kocuria SM1 and Rhodococcus SM2 to protect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) against vibriosis was assessed. Groups of fish (average weight = 10–15 g) were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.1 ml of subcellular materials, i.e. 0.2 ± 0.05 mg protein per fish, comprising extracellular proteins (ECPs), cell wall proteins (CWPs) and whole cell proteins (WCPs) of SM1 and SM2, respectively, or with 0.1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to serve as the control. Seven days after administration, fish from each group were challenged i.p. with 0.1 ml of a suspension in PBS of 3 × 105 cells ml−1 per fish of Vibrio anguillarum. Use of CWPs and WCPs demonstrated significantly (P 0.05), compared to 86% mortalities of the controls. The mode of action reflected activation of innate immune factors by CWPs and WCPs, demonstrating significantly (P 0.05) and immunoglubolin level (from 27 mg ml−1 to 28.5–33 mg ml−1; P > 0.05) were observed with the experimental groups. These results indicate that cell components of the probiotics stimulate an immune response