High Percentages of Reclaimed Asphalt Affect the Performance of Asphalt Binder

More than 90 percent of the road and highway network in the United States is paved with asphalt concrete. Maintenance and periodic rehabilitation require a continuous supply of aggregates and asphalt binder, both of which are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. Recycling and reusing these resources can reduce costs and improve sustainability. The most common recyclable material used in road construction is reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), which is milled asphalt surface layers that have been removed from existing pavements before new asphalt overlay is placed. Reclaimed asphalt roofing shingles (RAS) are another potential source of asphalt binder.There is growing interest in allowing significantly higher percentages of RAP and RAS in asphalt mixes used on state and local roadways. However, making this change has raised concerns regarding how these composite binders may influence the performance and durability of asphalt mixes, depending on the blends of different virgin and reused binders. Researchers at the UC Pavement Research Center investigated the use of higher percentages of RAP and RAS as a partial replacement for the virgin binder in new asphalt mixes and their effect on pavement performance in California. This research brief summarizes findings from that study.View the NCST Project Webpag

The factorial validity and reliability of three versions of the Aggression Questionnaire using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling

The Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) measures aggression in four domains: Anger, Hostility, Physical Aggression and Verbal Aggression. Moreover, a number of shorter versions of the AQ have emerged. The present study used a large sample of adolescents to test three versions of the AQ. In each case we examined a unidimensional model, a hierarchical model, and a four-factor model. Results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed limited support for a unidimensional model in any of the AQ forms, with results supporting the widely used four-factor model, and to a lesser extent, the hierarchical model. Fit indices for both short-forms of the AQ using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling were very good. However, results also revealed only partial gender invariance for both scales

Exchange-Rate Risk Mitigation with Price-Level-Adjusting Mortgages: The Case of the Mexican UDI

In 1995, Mexico introduced a credit system based on a price-level-adjusting unit of account called the Unidad de Inversion (UDI, pronounced “oo-dee”), which is Spanish for “unit of investment.” The Bank of Mexico maintains an UDI Index, which sets the peso value of an UDI on any given day. Loans denominated in UDIs maintain their purchasing power and provide a real rate of return in the local currency, pesos. The focus of this study is the real rate of return earned by dollar investors in UDI mortgages. Most dollar investors fear exposure to exchange rate losses in unstable currencies. In this paper, we examine the real-dollar rate of return and the extent to which the inflation adjusting aspect of the UDI mitigates the losses from currency devaluations. We also examine exchange-rate patterns relative to purchasing-power-parity to find investment strategies that increase the real-dollar rate of return on investments in Mexico’s UDI mortgages.

Greenhouse Gas Reduction Opportunities for Local Governments: A Quantification and Prioritization Framework

Local governments have steadily increased their initiative to address global climate change, and many present their proposed strategies through climate action plans (CAPs). This study conducts a literature review on current local approaches to greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction strategies by assessing CAPs in California and presents common strategies in the transportation sector along with useful tools. One identified limitation of many CAPs is the omission of quantitative economic cost and emissions data for decision-making on the basis of cost-effectiveness. Therefore, this study proposes a framework for comparing strategies based on their life cycle emissions mitigation potential and costs. The results data can be presented in a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) to allow for side-by-side comparison of considered strategies. Researchers partnered with Yolo and Unincorporated Los Angeles Counties to analyze 7 strategies in the transportation and energy sectors (five and two, respectively). A MACC was subsequently developed for each county. Applying the life cycle approach revealed strategies that had net cost savings over their life cycle, indicating there are opportunities for reducing emissions and costs. The MACC also revealed that some emissions reduction strategies in fact increased emissions on a life cycle basis. Applying the MACC framework to two case study jurisdictions illustrated both the feasibility and challenges of including quantitative analysis in their decision-making process. An additional barrier to using the MACC framework in the context of CAPs, is the mismatch between a life cycle and annual accounting basis for GHG emissions. Future work could explore more efficient data collection, alternative scopes of emissions for reporting, and environmental justice concerns.View the NCST Project Webpag

Investigation of Noise and Ride Quality Trends for Asphaltic Pavement Surface Types: Five-Year Results

Field data regarding tire/pavement noise, ride quality, and macrotexture were collected over five consecutive years from pavements in California placed with open-graded and other asphaltic mixes. The five-year data were analyzed to evaluate the ride quality and effectiveness of open-graded mixes in reducing noise compared to other asphalt surfaces, including dense- and gap-graded mixes, and to evaluate the pavement characteristics that affect tire/pavement noise. The analysis in this report is a supplement and update to four previous studies on the first four years of data collected, which are detailed in four separate reports. Models have been updated, with some changes in the use of condition survey variables. Conclusions are made regarding the performance of open-graded mixes and rubberized mixes (RAC-G), comparisons are made with dense-graded mixes (DGAC), and the effects of variables affecting tire/pavement noise are examined. Tire/pavement noise is greatly influenced by surface mix type and mix properties, age, traffic volume, and the presence of stresses indicated by pavement surface macrotexture, which served as a substitute for raveling in this study. Noise levels generally increased primarily with traffic volume and pavement age. Overall noise levels decreased with increased surface layer thickness and permeability (or air-void content)

Characterization of 40-Gbit/s pulses generated using a lithium niobate modulator at 1550 nm using frequency resolved optical gating

The characteristics of 40-Gbit/s pulses generated by exploiting the nonlinear characteristics of a Mach-Zender Lithium Niobate modulator are presented. A high spectral resolution frequency resolved optical gating apparatus has been developed to allow for the complete characterization of the intensity and phase of these pulses. The use of these measurements to simplify the design and optimization of an 80-Gbit/s pulse source, based on this 40-Gbit/s source followed by a nonlinear fiber compressor and multiplexer, is also demonstrated

Effects of Milling and Other Repairs on the Smoothness of Overlays on Asphalt Pavements from 2000 to 2009

The application of asphalt overlays comprises a significant percentage of the maintenance activities undertaken to improve the condition of existing asphalt pavements, and greater attention is now being paid to improving surface smoothness by constructing smoother overlays. The expected benefits of smoother overlays include longer service life due to decreased dynamic loading, improved fuel economy, and greater road-user comfort. In this study, data from the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) Pavement Condition Survey (PCS) for projects built between 2000 and 2009 were used to investigate the effects of repairs, pavement pre-overlay smoothness (in terms of International Roughness Index, IRI), overlay mix type (dense-graded, gap-graded, open-graded), and binder type (rubberized versus conventional or polymer-modified) on initial post-construction overlay smoothness. The results are based on overlays constructed prior to implementation of the Caltrans smoothness specification for overlay construction. Linear mixed effects models were used in the analysis to take into account the variation across random effect variables. In this study, overlay smoothness was measured in terms of IRI. The analysis results indicated that the pavement pre-overlay IRI was the most important variable affecting overlay smoothness: pavements with lower pre-overlay IRI were smoother than those with higher pre-overlay IRI. When the pre-overlay condition was poor, increasing overlay thickness was also found to have a significant effect on post-overlay smoothness. In terms of pre-overlay repairs, analysis of Caltrans PCS data showed that overlays were smoother when digouts (milling and patching in the wheelpaths) were performed compared with milling of the entire surface prior to the overlay. The effects of overlay mix type and binder type were dependent on the pre-existing pavement condition and/or other factors

Superpave Implementation Phase I: Determining Optimum Binder Content

This technical memorandum summarizes the first phase of a research study on the implementation of Superpave mix design for the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). Fifteen Hveem mix designs selected from around the state were used as the basis of this study. The 15 selected mix designs vary in binder PG-grade, binder type (unmodified, rubber, and polymer), aggregate gradation and mineralogy, and RAP percentage. Based on the Hveem mix designs, Superpave volumetric mix designs were developed for each mix and comparisons were made between mixes developed from both methods. Specifically, these mixes were evaluated to meet the draft Caltrans Superpave volumetric mix design specification which includes the design air-void content, percent VMA, percent VFA and dust proportion as major design components. Details regarding adjustments to and strategies in determining the Superpave optimal binder content for each mix are discussed. A summary of changes and adjustments to Hveem mixes needed to meet Superpave specifications is presented. Recommendations for specimen preparation using Superpave mix design procedures are given

A phylogeny of birds based on over 1,500 loci collected by target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing

Evolutionary relationships among birds in Neoaves, the clade comprising the vast majority of avian diversity, have vexed systematists due to the ancient, rapid radiation of numerous lineages. We applied a new phylogenomic approach to resolve relationships in Neoaves using target enrichment (sequence capture) and high-throughput sequencing of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) in avian genomes. We collected sequence data from UCE loci for 32 members of Neoaves and one outgroup (chicken) and analyzed data sets that differed in their amount of missing data. An alignment of 1,541 loci that allowed missing data was 87% complete and resulted in a highly resolved phylogeny with broad agreement between the Bayesian and maximum-likelihood (ML) trees. Although results from the 100% complete matrix of 416 UCE loci were similar, the Bayesian and ML trees differed to a greater extent in this analysis, suggesting that increasing from 416 to 1,541 loci led to increased stability and resolution of the tree. Novel results of our study include surprisingly close relationships between phenotypically divergent bird families, such as tropicbirds (Phaethontidae) and the sunbittern (Eurypygidae) as well as between bustards (Otididae) and turacos (Musophagidae). This phylogeny bolsters support for monophyletic waterbird and landbird clades and also strongly supports controversial results from previous studies, including the sister relationship between passerines and parrots and the non-monophyly of raptorial birds in the hawk and falcon families. Although significant challenges remain to fully resolving some of the deep relationships in Neoaves, especially among lineages outside the waterbirds and landbirds, this study suggests that increased data will yield an increasingly resolved avian phylogeny.Comment: 30 pages, 1 table, 4 figures, 1 supplementary table, 3 supplementary figure

Optimization of optical data transmitters for 40-Gb/s lightwave systems using frequency resolved optical gating

The measurement technique of frequency resolved optical gating has been used to optimize the phase of a 40-GHz train of optical pulses generated using a continuous-wave laser gated with an external modulator. This technique will be vital for optimization of optical transmitters to be used in systems operating at 40 Gb/s and beyond, as standard measurement techniques will not suffice to optimize such high-speed systems