Multi-frequency acoustics

Presented at Irrigation district sustainability - strategies to meet the challenges: USCID irrigation district specialty conference held on June 3-6, 2009 in Reno, Nevada.The application of acoustic Doppler technology for water velocity measurements was initiated in the late 1970's as an oceanographic application and has evolved into a reliable standard for discharge measurements throughout the world. The increased demand and pricing for water resources has also created the demand for increased precision and accuracy for water users particularly in the irrigation industry. SonTek's Next Generation RiverSurveyor products, the S5 and M9, present end users with a new discharge measurement instrument that is easy to use yet highly robust in its data collection and processing. Typical discharge measurements with the S5 or M9 take only a fraction of the effort when compared to traditional gauging instruments. Multiple frequencies present users a high resolution velocity profile, as well as an extended bottom tracking range. Using the new system, the built-in echo-sounder and multiple frequencies allow the system two options to define cross-sectional area that are extremely accurately regardless of depth. The echo-sounder measures directly below the instrument to measure exact transect profile; this feature eliminates extrapolation errors of the traditional acoustic Doppler profilers by accurately defining discharge cross-sectional area, a key component when calculating discharge. The Next Generation RiverSurveyor has been used in irrigation districts in the Southwestern US, as well as throughout the world. Case studies will be presented analyzing a wide range of gauging scenarios, while highlighting the benefits of the technological advancement

Ecological and evolutionary patterns of freshwater maturation in Pacific and Atlantic salmonines

Reproductive tactics and migratory strategies in Pacific and Atlantic salmonines are inextricably linked through the effects of migration (or lack thereof) on age and size at maturity. In this review, we focus on the ecological and evolutionary patterns of freshwater maturation in salmonines, a key process resulting in the diversification of their life histories. We demonstrate that the energetics of maturation and reproduction provides a unifying theme for understanding both the proximate and ultimate causes of variation in reproductive schedules among species, populations, and the sexes. We use probabilistic maturation reaction norms to illustrate how variation in individual condition, in terms of body size, growth rate, and lipid storage, influences the timing of maturation. This useful framework integrates both genetic and environmental contributions to conditional strategies for maturation and, in doing so, demonstrates how flexible life histories can be both heritable and subject to strong environmental influences. We review evidence that the propensity for freshwater maturation in partially anadromous species is predictable across environmental gradients at geographic and local spatial scales. We note that growth is commonly associated with the propensity for freshwater maturation, but that life-history responses to changes in growth caused by temperature may be strikingly different than changes caused by differences in food availability. We conclude by exploring how contemporary management actions can constrain or promote the diversity of maturation phenotypes in Pacific and Atlantic salmonines and caution against underestimating the role of freshwater maturing forms in maintaining the resiliency of these iconic species.Keywords: Maturation, Salmon, Diversity, Salmo, Oncorhynchus, Oncorhynchus Resilience, Life history, Conservatio

Anadromy and residency in steelhead and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a review of the processes and patterns

Oncorhynchus mykiss form partially migratory populations with anadromous fish that undergo marine migrations and residents that complete their life cycle in fresh water. Many populations’ anadromous components are threatened or endangered, prompting interest in understanding ecological and evolutionary processes underlying anadromy and residency. In this paper, we synthesize information to better understand genetic and environmental influences on O. mykiss life histories, identify critical knowledge gaps, and suggest next steps. Anadromy and residency appear to reflect interactions among genetics, individual condition, and environmental influences. First, an increasing body of literature suggests that anadromous and resident individuals differ in the expression of genes related to growth, smoltification, and metabolism. Second, the literature supports the conditional strategy theory, where individuals adopt a life history pattern based on their conditional status relative to genetic thresholds along with ultimate effects of size and age at maturation and iteroparity. However, except for a generally positive association between residency and high lipid content plus a large attainable size in fresh water, the effects of body size and growth are inconsistent. Thus, individuals can exhibit plasticity in variable environments. Finally, patterns in anadromy and residency among and within populations suggested a wide range of possible environmental influences at different life stages, from freshwater temperature to marine survival. Although we document a number of interesting correlations, direct tests of mechanisms are scarce and little data exist on the extent of residency and anadromy. Consequently, we identified as many data gaps as conclusions, leaving ample room for future research

Habitat area and climate stability determine geographical variation in plant species range sizes

Despite being a fundamental aspect of biodiversity, little is known about what controls species range sizes. This is especially the case for hyperdiverse organisms such as plants. We use the largest botanical data set assembled to date to quantify geographical variation in range size for ∼ 85 000 plant species across the New World. We assess prominent hypothesised range-size controls, finding that plant range sizes are codetermined by habitat area and long- and short-term climate stability. Strong short- and long-term climate instability in large parts of North America, including past glaciations, are associated with broad-ranged species. In contrast, small habitat areas and a stable climate characterise areas with high concentrations of small-ranged species in the Andes, Central America and the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest region. The joint roles of area and climate stability strengthen concerns over the potential effects of future climate change and habitat loss on biodiversity

Synthetic Double-Stranded RNAs Are Adjuvants for the Induction of T Helper 1 and Humoral Immune Responses to Human Papillomavirus in Rhesus Macaques

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are being considered as adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific immune responses, as in the design of vaccines. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytoidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), is recognized by TLR3 and other intracellular receptors. Poly ICLC is a poly I:C analogue, which has been stabilized against the serum nucleases that are present in the plasma of primates. Poly I:C12U, another analogue, is less toxic but also less stable in vivo than poly I:C, and TLR3 is essential for its recognition. To study the effects of these compounds on the induction of protein-specific immune responses in an animal model relevant to humans, rhesus macaques were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or human papillomavirus (HPV)16 capsomeres with or without dsRNA or a control adjuvant, the TLR9 ligand CpG-C. All dsRNA compounds served as adjuvants for KLH-specific cellular immune responses, with the highest proliferative responses being observed with 2 mg/animal poly ICLC (p = 0.002) or 6 mg/animal poly I:C12U (p = 0.001) when compared with immunization with KLH alone. Notably, poly ICLC—but not CpG-C given at the same dose—also helped to induce HPV16-specific Th1 immune responses while both adjuvants supported the induction of strong anti-HPV16 L1 antibody responses as determined by ELISA and neutralization assay. In contrast, control animals injected with HPV16 capsomeres alone did not develop substantial HPV16-specific immune responses. Injection of dsRNA led to increased numbers of cells producing the T cell–activating chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 as detected by in situ hybridization in draining lymph nodes 18 hours after injections, and to increased serum levels of CXCL10 (p = 0.01). This was paralleled by the reduced production of the homeostatic T cell–attracting chemokine CCL21. Thus, synthetic dsRNAs induce an innate chemokine response and act as adjuvants for virus-specific Th1 and humoral immune responses in nonhuman primates

Sediment Accumulation in Wet Detention/Retention Ponds Receiving Highway Runoff

Data were collected from nine highway wet detention ponds located in central to south Florida. Variables investigated were pond surface area, drainage area, percent impervious area, traffic volume, and pond age. A minimum of twenty-five sediment core samples were taken at each pond and were later analyzed in the laboratory for depth of loose sediment, sediment density, percent volatile solids, and grain size distribution. In-situ measurements of accumulated loose sediment depths above the parent soil in each pond were compared with the depth measured in the core samples collected from the field. A statistical regression equation using non-linear regression techniques was then developed to predict sediment accumulation rates (cm/yr) in highway detention ponds given certain physical characteristics of the pond and its drainage area. The ratio of the pond\u27s surface area to its contributing drainage area was found to have a statistically significant correlation to the sediment accumulation rate in the pond. An existing model was used to simulate the removal efficiency of suspended sol ids in wet detention/retention ponds receiving highway runoff. This model was modified to account for the average sediment accumulation rates in cm/yr throughout the operational period of the pond. The predicted values of the model appear to follow the general trend of field measured values

SOLUBLE AND MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED FORMS OF ACID PHOSPHATASE ASSOCIATED WITH THE LYSOSOMAL FRACTION OF RAT LIVER

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71490/1/j.1749-6632.1969.tb54303.x.pd