Location Privacy in the Era of 5G

Fifth Generation (5G) wireless technology is usher- ing in a new age of interconnectivity, and as it does definitions of privacy may well change with it. In this paper we will focus on the changing nature of location privacy, while aspiring to increase community cognizance of vulnerabilities within the 5G network that threaten end-user privacy. To this end, we will address the statistical efficacy of a multilateration attack utilizing timing advance commands within the 5G cloud radio access network, by showcasing that such an attack meets the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound across each subcarrier spacing. We will also demonstrate how position estimates within 5G can be further refined using methods previously shown to be effective in Long Term Evolution Networks. Lastly, we will demonstrate the attack in a simulated environment modeled after the conference grounds, using current real-world deployments of 5G on Kaua

Timing Management in 5G and Its Implications for Location Privacy

The fifth generation (5G) technological leap has arrived, bringing with it promises of incredible data rates and never before seen precision in location accuracy. However this self-same precision carries with it the significant question: how will it be protected? These questions form the underlying motivation for this article where we examine 5G architecture which employs a radio access part commonly termed a cloud or centralized radio access network (C-RAN). The C-RAN centralizes higher-level physical layer processes while keeping lowlevel processes distributed throughout the physical network. We show how this architecture both increases location-based privacy through improved physical-layer security, but creates new privacy concerns via the extension of the radio access network through fronthauls connecting data transfer among low and high-level processing. Concurrently, the proposed 5G variable subcarrier spacing further exacerbates the former point. Through simulation we quantify the decrease in location privacy given the aforementioned considerations. It is shown that location privacy is inversely proportional to subcarrier spacing for user equipment (UE) connected to multiple 5G access points. Specifically, for a (UE) using the widest allowable subcarrier spacing location privacy drops to approximately three meters

G97-1319 Management of Smooth Sumac on Grasslands

The herbicide 2,4-D LV4 ester provides excellent low-cost smooth sumac control. Prescribed burning before herbicide application does not substantially improve sumac control, but may ease herbicide application and provide other benefits. Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra L.) is a native deciduous shrub that forms dense thickets from widely spreading roots. It is found in the Sandhills, mixed-grass, and tallgrass areas throughout Nebraska. Introduced cool-season grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), invade the thickets, and production of desirable forage species is reduced below the dense canopies. Trees and other shrubs readily establish in aging sumac thickets, accelerating the conversion of grassland to woodland. Small amounts of smooth sumac may be desirable because it provides wildlife habitat and food and has attractive fall foliage