Factors that influence vaccination decision-making among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The most important factor influencing maternal vaccination uptake is healthcare professional (HCP) recommendation. However, where data are available, one-third of pregnant women remain unvaccinated despite receiving a recommendation. Therefore, it is essential to understand the significance of other factors and distinguish between vaccines administered routinely and during outbreaks. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD 42019118299) to examine the strength of the relationships between identified factors and maternal vaccination uptake. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase Classic & Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, IBSS, LILACS, AfricaWideInfo, IMEMR, and Global Health databases for studies reporting factors that influence maternal vaccination. We used random-effects models to calculate pooled odds ratios (OR) of being vaccinated by vaccine type. FINDINGS: We screened 17,236 articles and identified 120 studies from 30 countries for inclusion. Of these, 49 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. The odds of receiving a pertussis or influenza vaccination were ten to twelve-times higher among pregnant women who received a recommendation from HCPs. During the 2009 influenza pandemic an HCP recommendation increased the odds of antenatal H1N1 vaccine uptake six times (OR 6.76, 95% CI 3.12-14.64, I2 = 92.00%). Believing there was potential for vaccine-induced harm had a negative influence on seasonal (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.11-0.44 I2 = 84.00%) and pandemic influenza vaccine uptake (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09-0.29, I2 = 89.48%), reducing the odds of being vaccinated five-fold. Combined with our qualitative analysis the relationship between the belief in substantial disease risk and maternal seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccination uptake was limited. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of an HCP recommendation during an outbreak, whilst still powerful, may be muted by other factors. This requires further research, particularly when vaccines are novel. Public health campaigns which centre on the protectiveness and safety of a maternal vaccine rather than disease threat alone may prove beneficial

Graz. Burgtor-Hofgasse

Blick durch das Burgtor in Richtung Hofgass

Storage and Handling of Sweet Potatoes.

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Nature Red Tooth and Claw: Studies of Extinct and Extant Arthropod Predator-Prey Systems

Records of Cambrian predation have long been recognised as unequivocal evidence for the earliest predator-prey systems. However, Cambrian predation has been somewhat poorly documented in a numerical and comparative context - a problem rectified in this thesis. The first quantitative, model-based evidence illustrating how effective Cambrian predators were at shell crushing is presented. The modern day horseshoe crab is used to understand how Cambrian prey responded to attacks. Finally, the previously purported right-side injury bias observed on Cambrian trilobites is redressed using single fossil deposits and single species - this approach reveals no right-side bias

Disparate compound eyes of Cambrian radiodonts reveal their developmental growth mode and diverse visual ecology

Radiodonts are nektonic stem-group euarthropods that played various trophic roles in Paleozoic marine ecosystems, but information on their vision is limited. Optical details exist only in one species from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale of Australia, here assigned to Anomalocaris aff. canadensis. We identify another type of radiodont compound eye from this deposit, belonging to ‘Anomalocaris’ briggsi. This ≤4-cm sessile eye has >13,000 lenses and a dorsally oriented acute zone. In both taxa, lenses were added marginally and increased in size and number throughout development, as in many crown-group euarthropods. Both species’ eyes conform to their inferred lifestyles: The macrophagous predator A. aff. canadensis has acute stalked eyes (>24,000 lenses each) adapted for hunting in well-lit waters, whereas the suspension-feeding ‘A.’ briggsi could detect plankton in dim down-welling light. Radiodont eyes further demonstrate the group’s anatomical and ecological diversity and reinforce the crucial role of vision in early animal ecosystems.Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited

Temperature Dependence of the Electroclinic Effect in the Twist-Bend Nematic Phase

Funding Information: This research was funded by the Croatian Science Foundation (Grant No. IP-2019-04-7978); by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche ANR (France) through Grant BESTNEMATICS, No. ANR-15-CE24-0012; by the French-Croatian bilateral program COGITO; by the Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.Peer reviewedPublisher PD