Radiologic Assessment of Muscle and Fat Stores in Long-Term Type I Diabetics Referred for Pancreas Transplant Compared to Healthy Controls

Type 1 diabetes (DM1) is associated with loss of skeletal muscle and bone mass and may affect body fat stores. This study employs computed tomography (CT) scans to assess the body composition of DM1 patients referred for pancreas transplant compared to healthy controls. A 1:1 case–control design matched study patients with otherwise healthy patients from the trauma database. Matching criteria included age ± 5 years, gender, and body mass index (BMI) ± 2kg/m2. Nutrition variables included serum albumin and protein levels, BMI, and CT measures of muscle mass and fat stores. There were 22 subjects and 22 controls (median DM1 duration 24 years). DM1 patients had less muscle mass and less subcutaneous fat but no difference in visceral fat. Patients with the greatest muscle deficit were those with DM1 greater than 20 years and those younger than age 40. DM1 patients maintain similar BMI and protein levels compared to healthy controls but have marked deficits of muscle and subcutaneous fat. These results inform the nutritional management of DM1 patients and quantify the muscle and fat deficits present in these patients. At highest risk are young patients and those with duration of DM1 over 20 years

National income, and flow-of-funds analysis

x, 550 p.; 22 cm

Processes in Pathogenic Biocolloidal Contaminants Transport in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Media: A Review

There are several classes of subsurface colloids, abiotic and biotic. Basically, small particles of inorganic, organic and pathogenic biocolloids variety exist in natural subsurface system. Transport of these pathogenic biocolloidal contaminants (Viruses, bacteria and protozoa) pose a great risk in water resources and have caused large outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Biocolloid transport processes through saturated and unsaturated porous media is of significant interest, from the perspective of protection of groundwater supplies from contamination, assessment of risk from pathogens in groundwater and for the design of better water treatment systems to remove biocolloids from drinking water supplies This paper has reviewed the large volume of work that has already been done and the progress that has been made towards understanding the various basic multi-processes to predicting the biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media. There are several basic processes such as physical, chemical and biological processes which are important in biocolloid transport. The physical processes such as advection, dispersion, diffusion, straining and physical filtration, adsorption and biological processes such as growth/decay processes and include active adhesion/detachment, survival and chemotaxis are strongly affected on biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media.The unsaturated zone may play an important role in protecting aquifers from biocolloidal contamination by retaining them in the solid phase during their transport through the zone. Finally, author here highlighted the future research direction based on his critical review on biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media