Down-regulated genes common to all treatments.

<p>3′SL –3′sialyllactose; 6′SL –6′sialyllactose; 3′+6′SL – combined treatment of 3′- and 6′-sialyllactose; FC – fold change; pval – p-value.</p

Screening oligosaccharides for their ability to influence adhesion of <i>B. longum</i> subsp. <i>infantis</i> ATCC 15697 to HT-29 cells.

<p>Abbreviations: P95 - Beneo Orafti P95; 3′SL - 3′sialyllactose; 6′SL –6′sialyllactose; Lac - lactose. Non-supplemented tissue culture media was used as control. Results are expressed as fold-change relative to control percent adhesion with error bars representing standard deviation. ^adenotes significant difference in relation to control; ^bdenotes significance in relation to 6′SL group; p<0.0001.</p

Effects of trypsin treatment on adhesion of <i>B. longum</i> subsp. <i>infantis</i> ATCC 15697 to HT-29 cells following exposure to 6′sialyllactose (1 mg/ml, 3 hours).

<p>Results are expressed as fold-change in percent adhesion in relation to the control with error bars representing standard deviation. ^adenotes significance in relation to the control, p<0.05; ^bdenotes significance in relation to Trypsin control and 6′SL/Trypsin groups; p = 0.0001.</p

Transcript levels for thirteen (13) selected genes as determined by qPCR (A) and microarray analysis (B).

<p>3′sialyllactose (white shading); 6′sialyllactose (black and white diagonal shading); 3′- and 6′-sialyllactose mixture (black shading). Blon_0029– Ferritin; Blon_0141 - Chaperonin protein DnaK; Blon_0156 - TadE family protein; Blon_0162– Sortase; Blon_0392 - Cation efflux protein;Blon_0459 - Glycoside hydrolase, family 20; Blon_0694– GroEL; Blon_0993 - Magnesium-translocating P-type ATPase; Blon_1687 - TfoX, C-terminal domain protein; Blon_1688 - Transcription activator, effector binding; Blon_1971 - High-affinity zinc ABC transporter; Blon_1990 - Glycine dehydrogenase; Blon_2061– Extracellular solute binding protein.</p

Up-regulated genes common to all three oligosaccharide treatments.

<p>3′SL –3′sialyllactose; 6′SL –6′sialyllactose; 3′+6′SL – combined treatment of 3′- and 6′-sialyllactose; FC – fold change; pval – p-value.</p

Bacterial influence on oligosaccharide concentrations during exposure.

<p>Aliquots of media prior to and following exposure with <i>B. longum</i> subsp. <i>infantis</i> ATCC 15697 for 3 hours were assessed by HPLC. Abbreviations: 6′SL - 6′Sialyllactose; 3′SL - 3′sialyllactose. Results are expressed as percentage of initial oligosaccharide concentration in non-exposed media for each treatment group with error bars representing standard deviation. *denotes p<0.005.</p

Neuropixels 2.0: A miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings

Measuring the dynamics of neural processing across time scales requires following the spiking of thousands of individual neurons over milliseconds and months. To address this need, we introduce the Neuropixels 2.0 probe together with newly designed analysis algorithms. The probe has more than 5000 sites and is miniaturized to facilitate chronic implants in small mammals and recording during unrestrained behavior. High-quality recordings over long time scales were reliably obtained in mice and rats in six laboratories. Improved site density and arrangement combined with newly created data processing methods enable automatic post hoc correction for brain movements, allowing recording from the same neurons for more than 2 months. These probes and algorithms enable stable recordings from thousands of sites during free behavior, even in small animals such as mice