Shouting Down the Chief: How a Corporate Group Replaced Hierarchical Authority at the Pre-Columbian Community of El Coyote, Honduras

Using a research design that posits power as an interpretive framework, the author applies a multiscalar approach to individuals, groups, communities, and interaction networks. Used here, power, or the ability to advance one’s interests, is garnered through the strategic use or manipulation of sociopolitical ties, material resources, or ideological paradigms. In this paper, the author draws upon evidence from the site of El Coyote in northwestern Honduras. This pre-Columbian community is well suited for a consideration of power due to its remarkably well-preserved and robust ninth and tenth-century remains, which document the relocation and reorganization of the ceremonial and administrative center for the community. This transformation represents a break from the personalized hierarchical rule of the Late Classic, and the adoption of a less stratified corporate political organization. Moreover this study reveals a picture of power relations wherein power, status, and prestige inequalities are not always indicated by marked material differences in the archaeological record

The doctrine of the church and the spirit in the thought of Karl Ludwig Schmidt

The doctrine of the Church is at once a very complex and a very central concept. Often neglected, the last hundred years have seen it become steadily more prominent. Karl Ludwig Schmidt occupies a leading place among writers on the Church. A well know NT Professor and theological editor, he made major contributions to the Kittel TWNT and was a forerunner of Formgeschichte. His Rahmen der Geschichte Jesu is examined in the light of later research,especially that of Buitmann, C.H.Dodd, T.W.Manson, J.Jeremias, W.G.Kdmmel. No full biography of K.L.Schmidt exists up to now, so one is provided here from new sources supplied by his son and by some of his university colleagues.The Ekklesia article:provides one of the best examples of Schmidt's lexicographical-lexicological approach, as well as key material for his doctrine of the Church. He emphasises the OT-NT links, the basic unity of the NT view of the Church, the Messiah-gathered kenishta, the seed of the Body of Christ. The article also deals in detail with the Mt.16 and 18 passages in the light of later critical discussion.His The Church of Early Christianity was a forerunner of Ekklesia. It takes up many of the same points and deals in more detai; with the instituting of the Lord's Supper. This is contrasted with the views of Jeremias and others. The article also brings out several important points for the post-Resurrection Ekklesia.In the Upbuilding of the Church he examines the notion of the Church as the people of God, ekklesia and paroikia, oikos and Temple. He stresses the importance of eschatology and his views are considered in the light of Dodd's Realised Eschatology. His Opposition of Church and State and Polis articles bring out the character of the Church as (a.) God's foundation in the world; and (b) always a mixtum compositum.The four Copenhagen lectures on the primitive Church explain his views on Formgeschichte, on the centrality of the Messiahship of Jesus for the Church, the NT development of a doctrine of the Trinity, and the complex relationships of Kingdom, Church, State and People. Further light on his thinKing is given from recollections of his lectures and seminars in nonn, and from discussion of his Basileia article, along with the views of E.F.Scott, C.H.Dodd, MacGregor, Kttmmel, and others. His one article on Ministry is also reviewed.The NT itself raises the question of the doctrine of the Trinity. How this comes about is set out with full examination of tne texts in two articles with deal directly with the Spirit and the central place of the gift of the Spirit for the Church - The Trinitarian God, Subject and Object of Faith and Pneuma Hagion as Person and as Charisma.In Barth's Theologische Studien series he wrote two booklets, one on Galatians, the other on Romans 9-11, which bring out the Cross-centredness of the Church, the fruits of the Spirit, the Church's roots in Israel, and his discussions with Martin Buber. His radio broadcasts on the Apocalypse stress the nature of the Church as one of 'Need and Promise' but always related to, though different from, the Kingdom. The Church as part of the Gospel and the relation between Church and Kerygma are brought out in his one lecture in English - The Proclamation of the Church to the Congregation - which also emphasises the close link between Word and Deed and between OT and NT. Here again eschatological considerations are central

DRAINS : a method of financially assessing drains used to mitigate waterlogging in south-western Australia

Seepage interceptor drains are often effective in mitigating waterlogging in duplex (sand over clay) soils on hill slopes in the sout-west. Spoon and W drains are sometimes effective in removing excess surface waters form clay flats. This report outlines a method to determine the long-term (1 to 20 years) cost-effectiveness of installing drains to mitigate waterlogging for each individual situation

The application of inelastic neutron scattering to investigate the interaction of methyl propanoate with silica

A modern industrial route for the manufacture of methyl methacrylate involves the reaction of methyl propanoate and formaldehyde over a silica-supported Cs catalyst. Although the process has been successfully commercialised, little is known about the surface interactions responsible for the forward chemistry. This work concentrates upon the interaction of methyl propanoate over a representative silica. A combination of infrared spectroscopy, inelastic neutron scattering, DFT calculations, X-ray diffraction and temperature-programmed desorption is used to deduce how the ester interacts with the silica surface

The motif of thanksgiving in the New Testament

“Several years ago while preparing a Bible study on Colossians for a women's study group, I became interested in the frequent mentioning of thanksgiving in that book, and throughout the New Testament, as an appropriate act or response for a Christian. I began to ask, then, in what way thanksgiving and gratefulness were involved in Christian discipleship in the New Testament. It seemed at the time that thanksgiving, so easily considered commonplace, in fact might be of fundamental significance to New Testament theology and ethics. While I have now modified that provisional idea, I am thoroughly convinced of a deliberate and significant role played by the motif of thanksgiving in the life of the early Church. In English translations of the New Testament the word 'thanksgiving' and its cognate terms 'gratefulness' and 'gratitude' are used to render several different Greek words: the noun charis (Romans 7.25); the verbs eulogein (Matthew 26.26), exhomologeisthai (Matthew 11.25), anthomologeiomai (Luke 2.38), and eucharistein (I Corinthians 1.4); and the phrase charin echein (Luke 17.9). Because of the number of occurrences, and the consistency of translation of eucharistein (euoharistia, euchariatos) with the concept of 'thanksgiving' it seemed reasonable to centre this study on eucharistein, drawing in the other Greek words as their relationship to the more prominent term became helpful. When, a year ago, it became possible for me to concentrate completely on this subject, it was suggested to me that the best place to begin would be the thanksgiving periods opening the Pauline letters, for here was a fixed form in which to examine thanksgiving, and a base from which the study could branch out. The thanksgiving periods are explored, therefore, as products of Hellenistic epistolary form in Chapter I, and as products of Biblical and Hellenistic ideas of gratitude in Chapter II. In Chapter III a proposal is discussed that the New Testament occurrences of thanksgiving might be coloured to some extent by Gnostic theology. These several proposals do not, I think, produce sufficient explanation for the New Testament usage of eucharistein. and in Chapters IV and V I turn to explore the employment of this term as a translation term from the motif of praise and affirmation in Judaism which, I feel, does explain its use in the New Testament. Chapter VI attempts to place this employment of eucharistein in relationship to other themes of the ancient world, and concludes with a summation of the course of the study." -- from the Preface

Knockdown of piRNA pathway proteins results in enhanced Semliki forest virus production in mosquito cells

The exogenous siRNA pathway is important in restricting arbovirus infection in mosquitoes. Less is known about the role of the PIWI-interacting RNA pathway, or piRNA pathway, in antiviral responses. Viral piRNA-like molecules have recently been described following infection of mosquitoes and derived cell lines with several arboviruses. The piRNA pathway has thus been suggested to function as an additional small RNA-mediated antiviral response to the known infection-induced siRNA response. Here we show that piRNA-like molecules are produced following infection with the naturally mosquito-borne Semliki Forest virus in mosquito cell lines. We show that knockdown of piRNA pathway proteins enhances the replication of this arbovirus and defines the contribution of piRNA pathway effectors, thus characterizing the antiviral properties of the piRNA pathway. In conclusion, arbovirus infection can trigger the piRNA pathway in mosquito cells, and knockdown of piRNA proteins enhances virus production

Bones of Puffinus Lherminieri Lesson (Aves: Procellaridae) and Two Other Vertebrates from Cueva del Agua, Mona Isalnd, Puerto Rico (West Indies)

From a dive in Cueva del Agua, Mona Island, Puerto Rico, twelve un-mineralized bones of Puffinus Lherminieri Lesson, one of Cyclura stejnegeri Stejneger, and one of Moormops blainvilii Leach were collected. The subfossil evidence confirms that P. Lherminieri was a common species on Mona Island. Cyclura stejnegeri and M. blainvilii probably became trapped and died in the pool chamber

Magnetostratigraphy of Cueva Del Aleman, Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico and the Species Duration of Audobon\u27s Shearwater

Magnetostratigraphic analysis of deposits exposed in Cueva del Aleman shows two reversed and two normal chronozones. The lower normal polarity event is observed in a clastic dike and probably predates initial cave formation. Sediments deposited inside the cave proper show a R-N-R sequence and probably date to at least 1.8 Ma. A fossiliferous clastic dike contains normal polarity with an overlying reversed magnetozone. Audubon’s Shearwater (bird) bones occur in the dike, which is tentatively correlated with the lower N polarity zone predating cave formation. If this correlation is correct, the Audubon’s Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri) range can be extended back to at least 1.8 Ma, the Olduvai subchron