Appendix B: Some morphometric parameters of named lakes with areas [greater than or equal to] 1.0 km2, and some smaller lakes, in New Zealand

Gaps indicate uncertainty or that accurate data are unavailable. Note that lakes with fluctuating levels e.g., those used for hydro-electric purposes, or near coasts have varying parameters. Table based mainly on Irwin (1975) with some data from Cunningham et al. (1953), Irwin (1972), Jolly & Brown (1975), Irwin & Pickrill (1983), Howard-Williams & Vincent 1984, Boswell et al. (1985), Livingstone et al. (1986), N.Z.O.I. Lake Chart series, N.Z. Topographical Map Series NZMS1 (1:63 360) and NZMS26O (1:50 000), and other sources

A summary of terminology used in tephra-related studies

The word ‘tephra’, derived from a Greek word for ash, is a collective term for all the unconsolidated, primary pyroclastic products of a volcanic eruption. We summarise here the meanings and applicability of this and related terms, including tephrostratigraphy, tephrochronology, tephrochronometry, tephrology, and cryptotephra. These and other tephra-based terms, some of which are erroneous or unnecessary, have been used in a wide range of stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental disciplines and in archaeology

Stratigraphy and development of c. 17 000 year old Lake Maratoto, North Island, New Zealand, with some inferences about postglacial climatic change

The stratigraphy and geomorphology of Lake Maratoto and its surrounds were investigated as part of a programme of paleolimnological studies based on sediment cores from lakes in northern North Island. Changes in the lake and catchment were inferred from variations in sediment character, the correlation and timing being determined from distinctive tephra layers in the sediments and by radiocarbon dating. Nineteen new C-l4 dates, on gyttja or peat, are reported (old T½, years B.P,): 11 on tephras (Mamaku Ash 6830 ±90. Wk227; Rotoma Ash 8370 ± 90, Wk522; 8350 ± 100, Wk523; Opepe Tephra 9370 ± 210, Wk230; Mangamate Tephra 9700 ± 140, Wk23l; 10000 ± 120, Wk232; Waiohau Ash 12 200 ± 230, Wk233; 12500 ± 190, Wk234; 12450 ± 200, Wk5l5; 12300 ± 190,Wk516; RotoruaAsh 13450 ± 120, Wk511); 5 on the deposition of Hinuera Formation alluvium (16 300 ± 250, Wk239; 16 900 ± 470, Wk240; 17050 ± 200, Wk358; 16200 +360 -340, Wk509; 15 850 ± 130, Wk510); and 3 on basal peat of the Rukuhia bog (10 250 ± 90, Wk114; 15200 ± 130, Wk534; 10600 ± 90, Wk553). Lake Maratoto originated c. 17 000 years ago when a small valley was dammed by volcanogenic alluvium (Hinuera Formation). From c. 17 000 to c. 14 000 years ago the lake was about 2 m deep with clear water. Marginal peat first developed at c. 15000 years ago, reducing the area of the lake by about one-half by c. 13 000 years ago. Lake area then expanded, possibly because of marginal erosion and/or oxidation of the peat, to its maximum size at the present day. The adjacent Rukuhia peat bog grew rapidly from c. 11 000 years ago and is now 8 m thick immediately to the west of the lake. As a result of this growth, the lake became dystrophic and deepened (3.5 m at c. 7000 years ago, 6.4 m at c. 2000 years ago, and 7. 1 m today). The developmental history suggests that net precipitation increased at c. 15 000 years ago, increased further at c. 11 000 years ago, remaining high to c. 7000 years ago at least, but with a decline at or before c. 2000 years ago. There may have been a distinctly wetter or windier period from c. 10 000 to 9000 years ago. This interpretation is consistent with other reconstructions of postglacial climate in the Southern Hemisphere

Lakes

Lakes have always held an aesthetic fascination for people; they figure prominently in both art and literature and have even been endowed with spiritual qualities. For example, the nineteenth century American writer Henry D. Thoreau (1854) considered a lake to be 'the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature. It is the earth's eye; looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature'. More prosaically, lakes are also of considerable geomorphological interest as dynamic landfonns originating in varied and often complex ways

Where geology meets pedology: Late Quaternary tephras, loess, and paleosols in the Mamaku Plateau and Lake Rerewhakaaitu areas

On this trip we focus on tephrostratigraphy and soil stratigraphy together with aspects of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction over long and short time-spans. We will examine the relationship between the deposition of tephras and tephric loess and the formation of soils in these deposits as they accumulate, either incrementally (millimetre by millimetre) or as thicker layers, in a process known as upbuilding pedogenesis. Development of age models for the eruption of marker tephras, and of the new climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand within the NZ-INTIMATE project (Integration of ice-core, marine, and terrestrial records for New Zealand since 30,000 years ago), will also be touched upon

Palynology, vegetation and climate of the Waikato lowlands, North Island, New Zealand, since c. 18,000 years ago

The vegetational and climatic history of the Waikato lowlands during the last c. 18,000 years is inferred from the palynology of sediment cores from Lakes Rotomanuka, Rotokauri, and Okoroire. Intra- and inter-lake correlations were aided by multiple tephra layers interbedded with the lake sediments. The detailed chronological resolution given by these tephra sequences shows that late glacial-post glacial vegetational and climatic changes were nearly simultaneous throughout the Waikato lowlands

Minimal phrase structure: A new formalized theory of phrase structure

X' theory was a major milestone in the history of the development of generative grammar. It enabled important insights to be made into the phrase structure of human language, but it had a number of weaknesses, and has been essentially replaced in mainstream generativism by Bare Phrase Structure (BPS), which assumes fewer theoretical primitives than X′ theory, and also avoids several of the latter’s weaknesses. However, Bare Phrase Structure has not been widely adopted outside the Minimalist Program (MP), rather, X′ theory remains widespread. In this paper, we develop a new, fully formalized approach to phrase structure which incorporates insights and advances from BPS, but does not require the Minimalist-specific assumptions that come with BPS. We formulate our proposal within Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), providing an empirically and theoretically superior model for phrase structure compared with standard versions of X′ theory current in LFG

Appendix A: Maps showing the distributions of lakes in New Zealand and their grouping into distinct districts reflecting the predominance of particular geological processes

The large-scale maps of each of the lake districts show lakes with a maximum dimension ≥ c0.5 km

English Possessive 's: Clitic and Affix

English Possessive 's: Clitic and Affi