Some Reactions of Phenothiazine and Certain Benzophenothiazines

Summary The consideration of the medical importance of phenothiazine derivatives and the known cancer chemotherapeutic value of the nitrogen mustards made the synthesis of some nitrogen mustard derivatives of the phenothiazines of particular interest. In the course of this research the N-{2-[bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino]ethyl} derivatives of phenothiazine, 7H-benzo[c]phenothiazine, 7H-dibenzo[c, h] phenothiazine, and 14H-dibenzo[a, h] phenothiazine were synthesized for anticancer evaluation. Also submitted to the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center for testing were the N-(2-chloroethyl) monofunctional nitrogen mustard derivatives of the first three phenothiazines mentioned above

On the Kauffman Bracket Skein Module of the Quaternionic Manifold

We use recoupling theory to study the Kauffman bracket skein module of the quaternionic manifold over Z[A(+/- 1)] localized by inverting all the cyclotomic polynomials. We prove that the skein module is spanned by five elements. Using the quantum invariants of these skein elements and the Z(2)-homology of the manifold, we determine that they are linearly independent

Technology-aided participative methods in environmental assessment: An international perspective

Provisions for citizen involvement in the assessment of potential environmental effects of certain plans, programmes and projects are present in current legislation. An international survey revealed that public participation is common practice in European and some other countries worldwide. However, a number of issues are observed to affect public involvement in EIA/SEA processes and expert opinion differs when evaluating the effectiveness of existing participative methods. Results suggest that technology-aided methods can improve traditional participation processes. In particular, GIS has the potential to increase community knowledge and enhance involvement by communicating information more effectively. Variable accessibility to technology and data quality remain issues. Combining technology with more conventional ways of gathering, evaluating and presenting data are seen as offering a solution to the need to promote the integration of public perceptions in environmental assessment procedures. Recommendations to improve current public participation methods and measures for making GIS available to the general public are provided

Analysis of peat-based biochar as an additive to control greenhouse gas emissions in manure management systems

The agricultural sector accounts for 10-12% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Within the agricultural sector manure management causes almost 10% of these agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, making it an important target area for mitigation strategies. The role of biochar as a regulator of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soil has been well established, while its application in manure management holds promise considerable uncertainties remain regarding operational setting and efficacy. Traditional applications of biochar have used a wide variety of feedstock sources and production pathways which in turn determine the outputs of the resultant biochar as a GHG regulator. In this study slow pyrolysis, at temperatures of 450 - 750 °C with a heating rate of 7.5 °C min-1 and a residence time of 20 minutes, was used to produce biochar in a muffle furnace. Different temperatures were used to explore the unique characteristics of biochar and compare them throughout the temperature values in production. Even though the biochar production from many sources is well understood, there remains considerable uncertainty over the effectiveness of biochar production from defined peat sources and the ability to reliably replicate feedstock-production systems. This study attempts to explore the production and utilization of biochar produced from harvested peat in the Irish midlands relative to other feedstock sources to mediate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for manure management systems. To do so a detailed analysis of the feedstocks and biochars will be carried out in order to establish appropriate protocols for the optimal production and application of biochar in GHG-manure management. Results indicate that drying as a pre-treatment in production does not increase the peat-based biochar yield, if calculated on a dry matter basis, making the process less emission intensive. It was also observed that the thermal treatment increases the pH of the tested materials irrespective of whether they were fresh or pre-dried, making the biochars more alkaline than the original materials. At the same time, rising process temperatures have been noted to lead to a decrease in yield for all materials used. The yield reduction with increasing temperatures was found to be slightly lower for pre-dried materials than for fresh materials. When focusing on yield and costs for drying, these preliminary results indicate that biochars produced from untreated feedstocks at lower temperatures are more environmental and economically viable than biochars produced from pre-dried material at high temperatures

Developing and Applying a User-friendly Web-based GIS for Participative Environmental Assessment

The strong spatial and temporal dimensions of development plans necessitate certain requirements in relation to the analytical tools applied to support Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes. The nature of plans and, subsequently, spatial data requires presenting them in graphic format. Similarly, temporal variation can often be represented in visual form by spatially illustrating changes over-time. Furthermore, it is estimated that up to 85% of all data have a spatial component and, therefore, can be mapped using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (Chan and Easa, 2000). In this context, the graphic display and analytical potential of GIS can significantly contribute to SEA of development plans by facilitating and enhancing the various stages of the process

A Primer on Gas Phase CO2 Production and Transport in Peatland Soils

CO2 sequestered by peatlands is accounted for and offset against national emissions. Observational and modelling studies are used to estimate emission factors that dictate the rate of CO2 emissions or removals from peatlands accounted for within the Landuse and landuse change including forestry (LULUCF) sector and often use simple Tier 1 emission factors found in the IPCC (1996) guidebook. However, the current estimates are predominately based off peatland surface fluxes measured using either chamber methods or eddy covariance techniques. These methods do not focus on sub-surface conditions while this information may prove useful in understanding efflux rates and conditions that influence them. To help assess the potential significance of subsurface dynamics in overall CO2 efflux rates from peatlands this study proposes to review the literature dealing with subsurface conditions. The review found that the production of CO2 in the sub-surface layers was often uncoupled from emissions and that on short time-scales the storage of CO2 in soil pores and dissolved in soil water may account for this. The rate of production was found to be influenced by decomposition rate, vegetation type, nutrient availability and peat depth. The review also found that the mechanism of transport of CO2 within the sub-surface was important in accounting for efflux rates. While diffusion is often assumed the most significant form of transport, the quantification and dynamics of other non-diffusive transport methods were found to also be important and further research is required to ascertain the drivers of both diffusive and non-diffusive transport

On the Kauffman bracket skein module of the quaternionic manifold

We use recoupling theory to study the Kauffman bracket skein module of the quaternionic manifold over Z[A,A^{-1}] localized by inverting all the cyclotomic polynomials. We prove that the skein module is spanned by five elements. Using the quantum invariants of these skein elements and the Z_2 homology of the manifold, we determine that they are linearly independent.Comment: corrected summation signs in figures 14, 15, 17. Other minor change

Novel selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors incorporating antioxidant functionalities as potential bimodal therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease

Isosorbide-2-carbamates-5-aryl esters are highly potent and very selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. The objective of the present work was to address the hypothesis that the isosorbide-aryl-5-ester group could be replaced with an antioxidant functionality while maintaining inhibitor effects and selectivity. We successfully incorporated ferulic acid or lipoic acid groups producing potent selective inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The hybrid compounds were non-toxic to the murine hippocampal cell line HT-22 and lipoate esters were neuroprotective at 10 and 25 mu M when the cells were challenged with glutamate (5 mM) in a similar manner to the positive control quercetin. The benzyl carbamate 7a was a potent inhibitor of BuChE (IC50 150 nM) and it was effective in reducing glutamate toxicity to neuronal cells at >5 mu M. Representative compounds exhibited an antioxidant effect in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay as the lipoate 7d was not active, whereas the ferulate 8a showed a weak, but significant, activity with 0.635 +/- 0.020 Trolox Equivalent