Alien Registration- Quinn, John F. (Millinocket, Penobscot County)

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Irish Catholic Writers and the Invention of the American South.

Bringing to Light the Role of Irish Catholics in the South Bryan Giemza is convinced that Irish Catholics have done much to shape the culture of the American South but have not received their due from scholars. To remedy this situation, Giemza, a professor of English at Randolph-Macon Col...

The Furnace of Affliction: Prisons and Religion in Antebellum America

Digger Deeper to Examine Antebellum Prisons Like many Americans, Jennifer Graber is deeply disturbed by the current state of America’s prisons. She notes that there are at present two million Americans incarcerated and contends that our prisons now have a “decidedly retributive tone t...

The Limits of Intention in the Common Law

In criminal law, intention functions as the concept whereby human actions, and the reasons for them, are understood in relation to a criminal system. If there is no law, then there can be no punishment; but what if there is law, what then? How are the actions of the accused supposed to be understood in relation to the criminal law? One is very much aware that the criminal law, as it is presently conducted, generally pits the smallness of an individual against the corporate greatness and might of the state. What ought to serve to balance these competing interests? In any philosophical exploration one attempts to return to the source of the issue under scrutiny. In this exploration of intention the sources have been wide and varied and, at times, rare and difficult to obtain. There seem to be no clear and precise links from one moment of legal history to another. One is required to make educated guesses, thoughtful assumptions, and proffer what seem to be reasonable links from one epoch into the next. One reading of the sources suggests that intention is a volitive concept. Its beginnings as malice aforethought suggest that the accused had been moved to break the law (a law which was believed to have a moral foundation) because of his own disruption of character and moral disquietude. One did the deed, not thought the deed. However, the violation of a law which had a moral foundation leads one to ask further questions about both law and morals. Law and morals have distinct spheres. Is it possible that there is a common link between the ability to break a social law, and the ability to break a moral law? From history one will remember how both Bracton and Fleta admitted how both spheres could surround a human act. At times the spheres overlap, and at other times they are separate. Common, however, to each sphere is the ability and capacity of mankind to move within those spheres. This leads into the old and common effort to inquire into the nature of mankind. Without doubt, it is true that mankind possesses a nature. Whether that nature can be deciphered, decoded, and put into well defined, nonambiguous sets of linguistic propositions has been and is the rub. Historic modes of thought about human nature identified two broad differences: intellect and will. For centuries these broad conceptual differences seemed to take on concrete forms of their own. One\u27s will and intellect seemed to be reified in moral and theological writings, as if each were possessed of its own distinct identity, acting for its own distinct ends. Added to this reification of will and intellect, one further distinction was set forth that something about man\u27s nature put him into both a world of matter (mass and extension) and of spirit (energy and infinitude). Could any more contradictory sets of postulates have been integrated into a growing legal system

The Genes and Enzymes of Phosphonate Metabolism by Bacteria, and Their Distribution in the Marine Environment

Phosphonates are compounds that contain the chemically stable carbon–phosphorus (C–P) bond. They are widely distributed amongst more primitive life forms including many marine invertebrates and constitute a significant component of the dissolved organic phosphorus reservoir in the oceans. Virtually all biogenic C–P compounds are synthesized by a pathway in which the key step is the intramolecular rearrangement of phosphoenolpyruvate to phosphonopyruvate. However C–P bond cleavage by degradative microorganisms is catalyzed by a number of enzymes – C–P lyases, C–P hydrolases, and others of as-yet-uncharacterized mechanism. Expression of some of the pathways of phosphonate catabolism is controlled by ambient levels of inorganic P (Pi) but for others it is Pi-independent. In this report we review the enzymology of C–P bond metabolism in bacteria, and also present the results of an in silico investigation of the distribution of the genes that encode the pathways responsible, in both bacterial genomes and in marine metagenomic libraries, and their likely modes of regulation. Interrogation of currently available whole-genome bacterial sequences indicates that some 10% contain genes encoding putative pathways of phosphonate biosynthesis while ∼40% encode one or more pathways of phosphonate catabolism. Analysis of metagenomic data from the global ocean survey suggests that some 10 and 30%, respectively, of bacterial genomes across the sites sampled encode these pathways. Catabolic routes involving phosphonoacetate hydrolase, C–P lyase(s), and an uncharacterized 2-aminoethylphosphonate degradative sequence were predominant, and it is likely that both substrate-inducible and Pi-repressible mechanisms are involved in their regulation. The data we present indicate the likely importance of phosphonate-P in global biogeochemical P cycling, and by extension its role in marine productivity and in carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the oceans

Carbon dioxide storage in the Captain Sandstone aquifer: determination of in situ stresses and fault-stability analysis

The Lower Cretaceous Captain Sandstone Member of the Inner Moray Firth has significant potential for the injection and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in saline aquifer parts of the formation. Pre-existing faults constitute a potential risk to storage security owing to the elevated pore pressures likely to result from large-scale fluid injection. Determination of the regional in situ stresses permits mapping of the stress tensor affecting these faults. Either normal or strike-slip faulting conditions are suggested to be prevalent, with the maximum horizontal stress orientated 33°–213°. Slip-tendency analysis indicates that some fault segments are close to being critically stressed under strike-slip stress conditions, with small pore-pressure perturbations of approximately 1.5 MPa potentially causing reactivation of those faults. Greater pore-pressure increases of approximately 5 MPa would be required to reactivate optimally orientated faults under normal faulting or transitional normal/strike-slip faulting conditions at average reservoir depths. The results provide a useful indication of the fault geometries most susceptible to reactivation under current stress conditions. To account for uncertainty in principal stress magnitudes, high differential stresses have been assumed, providing conservative fault-stability estimates. Detailed geological models and data pertaining to pore pressure, rock mechanics and stress will be required to more accurately investigate fault stability. Large-scale deployment of CO2 storage as a strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions will rely on the integrity of sealing strata overlying the storage reservoirs to ensure that the captured CO2 is permanently isolated from the atmosphere (IPCC 2005; Chadwick et al. 2009a; Holloway 2009). The existence of pre-existing fault systems of varying dimensions is a common feature throughout the subsurface, and the efficacy of seals may potentially be compromised by any enhanced transmissibility associated with fault zones. Within the Moray Firth, the Lower Cretaceous Captain Sandstone Member of the Wick Sandstone Formation has been proposed as a suitable storage reservoir candidate (SCCS 2011; Shell 2011a; Akhurst et al. 2015). Storage potential exists within depleting hydrocarbon fields (Marshall et al. 2016), while significant additional capacity is available in the surrounding saline aquifer volume. Regional top seals include the Cretaceous Rodby, Carrack and Valhall formations. Simulation studies of CO2 injection identified the storage capacity of the Captain Sandstone to be between 358 and 2495 Mt (Jin et al. 2012). As the injection of CO2 is reliant on the displacement of existing pore fluids, large-scale injection results in increased pore-fluid pressure, the effects of which will be felt across large areas in well-connected aquifer systems (Chadwick et al. 2009b; Jin et al. 2012; Noy et al. 2012). It is well documented that some faults are transmissible to fluid flow, while others act as effective capillary seals (Caine et al. 1996; Aydin 2000; Faulkner et al. 2010). Whether cross-fault flow occurs depends on the juxtaposition of lithologies in the footwall and hanging-wall blocks, as well as the composition of the fault zone and any differential pressure across the fault. In addition, reactivation of previously stable faults caused by increasing pressure, and therefore a reduction in the effective stress, could allow faults to become transmissive to buoyant fluids, such as supercritical CO2, due to the opening of flow pathways during failure (Streit & Hillis 2004). It is this aspect of fault stability that forms the focus of this study, with respect to the Captain Sandstone of the Inner Moray Firth, and utilizing an adaptation of the geological model presented by Jin et al. (2012). Analysis of the geomechanical stability of faults offsetting the Captain Sandstone requires the contemporary stress field affecting the basin to be characterized, in order to resolve the shear and normal stresses acting on mapped faults and to determine which faults, or segments of faults, are most susceptible to becoming reactivated if pore-fluid pressures in the basin are increased as a result of CO2 injection. In order to do so, detailed knowledge of the pore-pressure conditions at depth, the magnitude and orientations of the principal stresses, and the properties of the faults is required

Spin phase diagram of the nu_e=4/11 composite fermion liquid

Spin polarization of the "second generation" nu_e=4/11 fractional quantum Hall state (corresponding to an incompressible liquid in a one-third-filled composite fermion Landau level) is studied by exact diagonalization. Spin phase diagram is determined for GaAs structures of different width and electron concentration. Transition between the polarized and partially unpolarized states with distinct composite fermion correlations is predicted for realistic parameters.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Quasiexcitons in Incompressible Quantum Liquids

Photoluminescence (PL) has been used to study two-dimensional incompressible electron liquids in high magnetic fields for nearly two decades. However, some of the observed anomalies coincident with the fractional quantum Hall effect are still unexplained. We show that emission in these systems occurs from fractionally charged "quasiexciton" states formed from trions correlated with the surrounding electrons. Their binding and recombination depend on the state of both the electron liquid and the involved trion, predicting discontinuities in PL and sensitivity to sample parameters.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Integral and fractional Quantum Hall Ising ferromagnets

We compare quantum Hall systems at filling factor 2 to those at filling factors 2/3 and 2/5, corresponding to the exact filling of two lowest electron or composite fermion (CF) Landau levels. The two fractional states are examples of CF liquids with spin dynamics. There is a close analogy between the ferromagnetic (spin polarization P=1) and paramagnetic (P=0) incompressible ground states that occur in all three systems in the limits of large and small Zeeman spin splitting. However, the excitation spectra are different. At filling factor 2, we find spin domains at half-polarization (P=1/2), while antiferromagnetic order seems most favorable in the CF systems. The transition between P=0 and 1, as seen when e.g. the magnetic field is tilted, is also studied by exact diagonalization in toroidal and spherical geometries. The essential role of an effective CF-CF interaction is discussed, and the experimentally observed incompresible half-polarized state is found in some models