A history of Fort Phil Kearny

The establishment of Fort Phil Kearny was an outstanding example of what Ray A. Bullington in his book, Westward Expansion, described as a cost of blood, wealth, and human decency which will forever slain the annals of the American frontier. This was a result of weakness on the part of the administration, plus a lack of co-operation between the War Department and the Department of Indian Affairs. The conflict between these two departments have little guidance to any policy for the frontier. The administration changed policy from war with the Indian to peace and back again as easily as blowing grain. War factions and peace groups struggled for power over the administration. The immigrant, seeking gold or land, continually petitioned the government for protection from the Indian, whether he was deserving of it or not. The government, relenting to these pressures, sent the army in which the Civil War had instilled a spirit of fighting and restlessness

Micrometeoroids from MISSE Examined to Understand the Effects of the Space Environment on Space Suit Materials

Samples that were part of the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) experienced varying effects whilst exposed to the space environment; perhaps the most intriguing effect was the crater created by a micrometeoroid impact into a thin film of Vapor Deposited Aluminum (VDA) coated Mylar. Approximately 180 samples of various materials used in space-component design were flown on MISSE-6 and spent 18 months suspended off the side of the International Space Station. The Utah State University SUSpECS project was a unique student experiment that allowed for pre- and post-flight analysis of these material samples which were returned in pristine condition after exposure to the space environment. Despite micrometeoroids being a common occurrence, there is a significant lack of data pertaining to the effects of micrometeoroids on space components. Further examination of the micrometeoroid impact sample will allow us to determine the impact velocity, mass, and composition of the micrometeoroid and its influence on materials in space. Micrometeoroids pose a serious threat to space operations and in turn require constant observation. It is of particular interest to note that Mylar is a major component in the construction of astronaut suits; the knowledge gained from our evaluation of this meteoroid will allow us to determine the mass required to penetrate through a spacesuit

University Transfer Programs in the Community College

During recent years, the increasing public demand for community college programs which lead to immediate employment has created something of an "identity crisis "for college faculty in British Columbia. Orginally, the college concept in this province reflected a comprehensive curriculum with a major emphasis upon academic programs which provide the student with transfer credit to the universities. However, comment in the public press and statements from the Ministry of Education indicate that the academic programs are very much out of favor and perhaps should be relegated to the universities. In view of the uncertainty which this situation has produced, it seemed important to take a new look at the college academic - transfer programs in 1977. The study which followed produced several important facts. Despite rumour to the contrary, enrollment in college academic programs has not declined over the past five years, but has remained at approximately 65%. The percentage of university transfer students actually transferring from colleges to universities has reached 16%, although there is considerable variation among the individual colleges. Studies indicate that only about half of the university transfer students actually " i n t e n d " to transfer to university. Obviously, many students in the university transfer programs are interested in general education or merely exploring their capacity or interest in academic study. At the University of British Columbia, the percentage of under- graduate students who have transferred from colleges has grown from 9% in 1969 to 18% in 1976. The majority of these students are successful in obtaining a university degree. Finally, it should be stated that the term "university transfer" is really a misnomer. The values of an academic education are just as real as ever, and transfer to university is not the sole criterion on which these programs should be judged. The academic programs of the community college meet the needs of a clientele served by no other institution, offer educational opportunity for a segment of society which has been ignored in the past and provide a major impact upon the quality of life in its immediate community.La demande croissante pour les programmes des collèges publics qui conduisent directe-ment au marché du travail est en train de créer une véritable crise "d'identité"chez les enseignants de ces collèges en Colombie-Britannique. Initialement la vocation collégiale dans cette province se situait au niveau d'un programme d'études complet où l'accent était principalement mis sur les matières académiques qui permettaient à l'étudiant de poursuivre ses études au niveau universitaire. Cependant les réactions de la Presse et les déclarations du Ministère de l'Education semblent indiquer que les programmes académi-ques sont délaissés et qu 'ils devraient être confiés à l'Université. Dans un contexte aussi incertain, il devient nécessaire de reconsidérer la situation de ces programmes acadmiques qui ont pour fonction de préparer aux études universitaires. Cette étude permet de mettre en valeur certains faits importants. Il semble tout d'abord que les effectifs étudiants dans les programmes académiques n'ont pas décliné au cours des cinq dernières années, comme le laisseraient croire les bruits qui circulent, mais qu 'ils se sont maintenus à peu près à 65%. Bien qu 'il y ait de grandes différences d'un collège à l'autre, on doit noter également que le taux de passage du niveau collégial au niveau universitaire a atteint 16%. Des études indiquent que seulement la moitié des étudiants inscrits dans ces programmes ont l'intention de poursuivre au niveau universitaire. Il semble donc que de nombreux étudiants recherchent dans ces programmes une formation générale de nature académique. A l'Université de Colombie-Britannique, le pourcentage des étudiants sous-gradués qui proviennent des collèges est monté de 9% en 1969 à 18% en 1976. La plupart de ces étudiants réussit à obtenir un diplôme universitaire. Enfin on doit noter que le terme de programme de "passage à l'Université" est vraiment impropre. La finalité de ces programmes en est une d'éducation en soi et non pas de passage à l'Université. Ces programmes répondent aux besoins d'une clientèle qui a été négligé dans le passé; aucune autre institution n 'est en mesure de fournir un tel service dont l'impact sur la qualité de la vie dans l'environnement immédiat est fondamental. Une analyse et une étude de cas sur la formation des auxiliaires d'enseignement dans les Universités canadiennes. Les auxiliaires d'enseignement jouent un rôle important dans l'Enseignement supérieur canadien. Cependant on connaît peu de choses sur la qualité de ce type d'enseignement et sur les efforts pour en améliorer l'efficacité. Cet article cherche donc à traiter un tel sujet. Ainsi une recherche menée dans les Universités canadienne indique que 20 à 30% de ces institutions ont développé des programmes pour améliorer la qualité de l'enseignement de leurs auxiliaires. Le programme de formation des auxiliaires d'enseignement de l'Univer-sité Simon Fraser a été choisi pour illustrer ces efforts et des preuves de son efficacité sont présentées

The University-College Idea: A Critical Analysis

Following the recommendations of a committee on access to postsecondary education in British Columbia, a new institution, the university-college, was established in three locations in the province. This study is an analysis of the university-college idea. The results indicate that, while the university-college has produced many beneficial results, it has also created a number of difficult issues. These issues include the survival of the comprehensive college curriculum, governance, expectations of faculty performance and the missions of the university-college itself. Each issue is discussed in this paper.La recommandation d'un comité sur l'accès à l'éducation postsecondaire en Colombie-Britannique, le "university-college", vient d'être mise en application par le gouvernement provincial dans trois institutions. Il s'agit ici d'une analyse du concept de "university-college". L'analyse montre que cette nouvelle institution, bien qu'elle ait produit certains résultats utiles, soulève cependant quelques difficultés-le maintien du curriculum, les structures administratives, les critères d'admission et la mission de l'institution elle-même. Chacune de ces questions est traitée dans cette communication

The Community College in Comparative and Historical Perspective: The Development of the College Concept in British Columbia

The paper is concerned with an examination of one alternative model for post-compulsory education, the community college, as it has developed in British Columbia. Attention is given to the social and historical context in which the college idea developed, the forces which lead to its establishment and the particular form of institution which emerged. Data, produced from research studies, are presented to indicate the extent to which the college has attained some of its objectives. The paper concludes with a discussion of the major problems and issues which the community colleges must face in the future. Wherever appropriate, comparisons are made with traditional systems of post compulsory education.Dans cette étude, il s'agit d'un modèle alternatif de formation après la scolarité obligatoire, le collège communautaire, tel que celui-ci a été mis en valeur en Colombie-Britannique. L'auteur porte son attention sur (a) le contexte social et historique dans lequel l'idée du collège a été développée, (bj les efforts qui ont mené à la mise sur pied des collèges et (c) la structure unique d'institution qui s'est dégagée. L'auteur présente des données de mémoires le recherche pour indiquer jusqu 'à quel point le collège a atteint certains de sea objectifs. L'étude se ter line par une discussion des problèmes et questions majeurs auxquels collèges communautaires doivent faire face à l'avenir