Study of the problems and treatment of all children under seventeen years who were admitted to the Boston psychopathic hospital in the year 1938

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University, 194

Study of the problems and treatment of all children under seventeen years who were admitted to the Boston psychopathic hospital in the year 1938

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University, 194

Theology of Saint John of the Cross

Saint John of the Cross (1542-1591) was beatified by Clement X in 1675, canonized by Benedict XIII in 1726, and declared Doctor of the Catholic Church by Pius XI in 1926. He was the principal theologian of the Discalced Carmelite Reform in Spain during the latter years of the Protestant Reformation and the Council of Trent but his theological significance extends far beyond the Carmelite and counter-reformational context, for, in point of fact, his works reveal very little of the doctrinal and ecclesiastical disputes which were being waged in Christendom in general, and in his own religious order in particular. His primary literary purpose is neither apologetic nor polemical. He is a theological poet who sought to exegete his own lyrics with extensive prose commentaries whose content is an empirical theology, and whose purpose is a didactic explanation of the personal experience of God.Three principal doctrinal works of John have survived to the present day: The Dark Night of the Ascent of Mount Carmel, The Spiritual Canticle, and The Living Flame of Love. Other minor poems and writings of John are extant, but they contain little of theological value which is not found amply exegeted in the major works.John's chief contribution to the history of Christian thought is his empiricomystical approach to theology. His epistemological method is empirical rather than speculative, and the content of his theology is more ontological than discursive. Beginning with the Pauline doctrine that "faith comes by hearing," John of the Cross seeks to know God by auditive faith rather than by dialectical reasoning. His idea that God can be known intuitively through the Logos appears to have its rootage in the epistemological concept of Duns Scotus rather than that of .Augustine (Illumination) or Aquinas (Abstraction). He clearly perceives the immense dis¬ tinction between a cognition about God through the human agent intellect and a personal encounter with the Being of God through the direct impact of the Word upon man by the Spirit. He is adamant in his rejection of all forms of natural theology and discursive reasoning as means for knowing God out of Himself. Faith alone is held out as the only proportionate means for man to experience the Reality of God, and, in John's doctrine, even faith is a God-given virtue (along with love and hope) which man can appropriate solely by a humble receiving. This faith is rooted in divine sovereignty and grace and allows no admixture human selfattainment for it. fulfillment.The goal of John's theology is union of the human and divine natures, and to realise this the Saint expounds his lengthy doctrine of divinely infused contemplation. This teaching begins with discursive meditation in order to establish the habitual discipline which is necessary for the Spirit's sanctifying work in the soul. Basically, the reason for infused contemplation in John's system is to accommodate the soul for divine occupancy, and such a process requires the radical transforming work of the Word and Spirit. Of particular theological interest in this divine work of soul perfection is John's doctrine of transcendental "touches" by which the Logos makes sanctifying contacts with the substance of the soul. These "touches" have both a purging and an illuminating effect in man's nature and they elevate the soul into greater dialogical communion with God.Ultimately the process of contemplation results in the spiritual marriage of the Word with the soul, and here the Mystical Doctor's teaching on divine union is presented. The three theological virtues--faith, hope, and love--and the three Persons of the Trinity are shown by John to be respectively the means and the Agents of this oneness between God and man. The union is simultaneously cognitive and moral, operational and volitional, ontological and eschatological. It has both permanent and transcient elements, and, though it does not eliminate his creaturely existence, it does unite man so intimately with the operations and essence of the Trinity than man actually becomes a son of God by adoptive participation in the Godhead.The distinctive contributions of John are to be noted in his empirical approach to divine knowledge and in his insistence that faith and faith alone is the means for the unitive experience of God. His theology is also helpful in defining the role of images in Christian worship and the extra-sacramental nature of divine grace. However, the terminology he employs to describe man's union with God is excessive at times, and his theological environment so circumscribed some of his more Biblical ideas that it inhibited him from carrying them out to their rightful end in his writings. This is true of his doctrines of Chriatology, Divine Grace, and the Church. His theology, consequently, suffers severely in these three basic areas, but in the main his emphasis on the ontological and operational aspects of intuitively received knowledge from God is outstanding and deserves greater examination and application within both the Protestant and Poman traditions of the Christian Church

Soil Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria of the Okavango Floodplains, Botswana

Phosphorus although abundant is among the most limiting macro plant nutrients in some soils. Deficiencies are often seen as purpling of leaves due to unavailability of PO4 in soil solution. In soil solution PO4 solubility is pH dependent; at pH \u3c 6, it is often bound to Fe or Al, while at pH \u3e 7 it forms insoluble complexes with Ca, Mg, K or Na making it unavailable to plants (Brady 2002). Soil organic P requires mineralisation then solubilisation by the enzyme phosphatase before being available. Botswana soils due to the low rainfall (\u3c 450 mm/yr) are characterised by high pH and salt pans scattered all over the semi-arid and arid landscape. Cultivation of most of these soils often results in P deficient crops (Leuschner and Manthe 1996). However, in grassland areas of the Okavango, very few grasses show P deficiency. Studies from other areas indicate that some grasses habour PO4 solubilizing bacteria in their rhizosphere that help them in their P sequencing quest (Duponnois et al. 2005). This study was set up to study the PO4 solubilising bacteria of the Okavango Delta at Seronga. The study also looked at possible mechanisms of solubilisation employed by the bacteria. In the long run, the study will also attempt to use these bacteria on locally grown staple cereal, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare)

Substandard Quality of the Antimicrobials Sold in the Street Markets in Haiti

This pilot study was conducted to analyze the quality of the antimicrobials sold in the street markets in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. A total of 258 packs containing antimicrobials were bought in 28 street markets in Port-au-Prince (Haiti). Tablets and contents of capsules included in 196 packs were analyzed using a Raman handheld spectrometer (NanoRAM of BWTEK, Model: BWS456-785) during the first quarter of 2019. Three out of 11 antimicrobials (Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, and Cotrimoxazole) had a high spectral match with an HQI ≥ 90 to the respective authentic medicine for more than 95% of their tablets/capsules. For six antimicrobials (Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Cloxacillin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and the combination Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid) none of their tablets/capsules showed a sufficient spectral match with the authentic medicine. This finding indicates that these products sold in the markets did not contain the labeled drug and/or contained a degraded drug. In addition to the fact that prescription antimicrobials can be purchased in street markets, the present field study found that for most of them (including "Watch" antimicrobials according to the AWaRe classification) were substandard, which contributes to the present antimicrobials resistance epidemic