Å klatre på russisk. En korpusundersøkelse av russiske verb for å klatre.

I denne masteroppgaven tar jeg for meg og sammenligner de russiske verbene for å klatre. Jeg har gjort en korpusundersøkelse, og tatt i bruk både Det russiske nasjonalkorpuset (RNC) og parallellkorpuset RuN, som er utviklet ved Universitetet i Oslo. RuN-korpuset består av en samling oversatte tekster. Russiske bevegelsesverb har enretningsverb og flerretningsverb, eller bestemte og ubestemte bevegelsesverb som de også kan kalles. Når det gjelder de russiske verbene for å klatre, har vi ett enretningsverb (лезть) og to flerretningsverb (лазить og лазать). To flerretningsverb med samme betydning er uvanlig, og jeg sammenligner bruken av de to flerretningsverbene for å se etter likheter og forskjeller i bruk. Jeg ser funnene i lys av fire forskjellige språkhistoriske utviklingsscenarier; at det ene verbet tar over, at det utvikles ulike betydninger og bruksområdet, at verbene brukes ulikt i dialekter og sosiolekter, eller at ingenting skjer og verbene lever side om side. Jeg ser også på prefigerte klatreverb, og her dukker det opp to verb til med klatrebetydning; -лезти og -лезать. Disse to verbene finnes ikke i uprefigerte utgaver, kun i prefigerte varianter. Jeg ser på alle funn av disse fem verbene med de 19 vanligste prefiksene på russisk. Det er stor forskjell i prefiksbruken, noen brukes nesten ikke og andre brukes veldig mye. I tillegg er det forskjeller i hvilke prefikser som brukes med hvilke verb, selv om det i hovedsak er de samme prefiksene som er mest vanlig. Til slutt har jeg sammenlignet bruken av verb for å klatre med verb for å krype. Det viser seg at de russiske verbene for å klatre også brukes der vi på norsk ville sagt krype, mens de russiske verbene for å krype kun brukes i betydning krype. I tillegg til disse funnene har jeg for hvert tema gjort meg opp en mening om hva som er nyttig å med som strategisk input i innlæringen av russisk til studenter som lærer russisk som fremmedspråk

Psykisk helsearbeid i barneskolen : en empirisk undersøkelse

Studentarbeid i sosialt arbeid (bachelorgrad) - Universitetet i Nordland, 201

Fleshy Fruits in Liliflorous Monocots

Fleshy fruits occur in several monocot orders and families, and it is generally assumed that they have been derived from capsular fruits many times during the evolution of monocot lineages. Huber hypothesized in 1969 that most capsules in Asparagales are derived secondarily from berries and that this transformation was correlated with the evolution of phytomelan-coated seeds, a pivotal character in his circumscription of Asparagales as part of reclassifying Liliaceae s.l. Dahlgren and co-workers suggested several parallel derivations and reversals in this character, e.g., the transformation sequence trifollicular fruits → capsules → berries→ capsules→ berries. Mapping of fleshy fruits on a phylogeny based on molecular characters indicates that Asparagales do not have fleshy fruits as a basal character. Dahlgren\u27s cyclic character evolution hypothesis is not supported by the distribution of dry and fleshy fruits, and there is no obvious correlation between baccate fruits and phytomelaniferous seeds in Asparagales. Phytomelaniferous seeds are not an evident synapomorphy of Asparagales as presently circumscribed. The anatomy and development of different capsular and baccate fruits in selected genera are studied in an ongoing project to reveal homologies and establish an adequate fruit typology. Some observations of texture and dehiscence structures in dry and fleshy capsules and in typical berries from hypogynous and epigynous flowers are reported in this paper

Participation in cancer rehabilitation and unmet needs: a population-based cohort study

PURPOSE: To investigate associations between cancer survivors’ sex, age, and diagnosis in relation to their (1) need for rehabilitation, (2) participation in rehabilitation activities, and (3) unmet needs for rehabilitation in a 14-month period following date of diagnosis. METHODS: A population-based cohort study was performed on incident cancer patients diagnosed from 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2008. Fourteen months after diagnosis, participants completed a questionnaire developed to measure the aspects of rehabilitation. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association between sex, age, and diagnosis, and the outcome variables for rehabilitation. RESULTS: A total of 3,439 patients participated, yielding an overall response rate of 70%. One third of the cancer patients reported a need for physical rehabilitation and one third for psychological rehabilitation. Half of the patients participated in at least one activity. Unmet needs were most often reported in psychological, sexual, and financial areas. Women expressed more needs, participated more often in rehabilitation activities, and had, to a higher extent, their emotional needs fulfilled. Breast cancer patients participated more often in physical rehabilitation. Elderly who expressed rehabilitation needs more often had them unresolved. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial variation in rehabilitation needs, participation in activities, and unmet needs in relation to sex, age, and cancer type was observed. Cancer care ought to systematically address the wide range of needs in all groups through integration of systematic needs assessment and targeted supply of offers

Measuring <i>KRAS </i>Mutations in Circulating Tumor DNA by Droplet Digital PCR and Next-Generation Sequencing

Measuring total cell-free DNA (cfDNA) or cancer-specific mutations herein has presented as new tools in aiding the treatment of cancer patients. Studies show that total cfDNA bears prognostic value in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and that measuring cancer-specific mutations could supplement biopsies. However, limited information is available on the performance of different methods. Blood samples from 28 patients with mCRC and known KRAS mutation status were included. cfDNA was extracted and quantified with droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) measuring Beta-2 Microglobulin. KRAS mutation detection was performed using ddPCR (Bio-Rad) and next-generation sequencing (NGS, Ion Torrent PGM). Comparing KRAS mutation status in plasma and tissue revealed concordance rates of 79% and 89% for NGS and ddPCR. Strong correlation between the methods was observed. Most KRAS mutations were also detectable in 10-fold diluted samples using the ddPCR. We find that for detection of KRAS mutations in ctDNA ddPCR was superior to NGS both in analysis success rate and concordance to tissue. We further present results indicating that lower amount of plasma may be used for detection of KRAS mutations in mCRC