Content and composition of essential oil of four Origanum vulgare L. accessions under reduced and normal light intensity conditions

The variation in the chemical composition and content of the essential oil was examined in four Origanum vulgare accessions (Ov): 1- Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare (=Ovu), 2- Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (Link) letswaart (=Ohi), 3- Origanum vulgare L. ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek (=Ovi) and 4- Origanum vulgare L. ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek × O. majorana L. (=Oxm), growing under reduced (26%) and normal light intensity. Altogether, 64 compounds representing 98.95% of the total oil were identified. Reduced light had a minor effect on the composition of essential oil. It decreased the content of p-cymene in Ohi and increased the sabinene content in Oxm herb samples. The essential oil of Ovu in both samples was mainly composed of trans-sabinene hydrate, ß-caryophellene and germacrene D. The major components of essential oil of Ohi were thymol and carvacrol followed by gamma-terpinene and p-cymene. Herb samples had a considerably higher amount of essential oil than leaf samples. In herb extracts of Ovi, cymyl compounds such as p-cymene, thymol and gamma-terpinene were dominant. Oxm was characterized by several monoterpenes with low concentrations including gamma-terpinene, sabinene cis-b-ocimene and carvacrol methyl ether. The results of the current study suggest a chemical toleration of the evaluated accessions to the applied light reduction. Furthermore, a full investigation of essential oil profiles of Origanum vulgare accessions is presented

Characterization of glandular trichomes in four Origanum vulgare L. accessions influenced by light reduction

The effect of reduced light intensity (minus 26%) on trichomes characteristics and herb yield responses of three subspecies of Origanum vulgare (ssp. vulgare, ssp. hirtum (Link) letswaart and ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek) and a hybrid (ssp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek x O. majorana L.) was investigated. It was found that the genotypes showed different morphological characteristics which were significantly influenced by light reduction. Reduced light intensity decreased the total indumentum of the leaf as well as the density and size of capitate glandular trichomes and size of peltate glandular trichomes. It also decreased the theoretical volume of essential oil on one peltate glandular trichome as well as the total theoretical volume of essential oil on adaxial side of one leaf. The indumentum of all samples included non-glandular trichomes, peltate glandular trichomes and capitate glandular trichomes type I. Capitate glandular trichomes type II with low density were observed only on O. vulgare ssp. viride and on the hybrid. It can be suggested that the applied light reduction was a limiting factor for the growth of O. vulgare L. plants. Reduced light shifted the carbon allocation to increase plant surfaces and therefore resulted in reduction of trichomes density of O. vulgare L

PCR-basierende Identitätsprüfung von Kamille (Matricaria recutita L.) und Nachweis von Verunreinigungen mit Anthemis-Arten in Kamillenprodukten

Quality control of Matricaria recutita L. products by PCR methods and detection of adulterations with Antehmis specie

Identifizierung biotischer Verunreinigungen durch Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung

Identification of biotical impurities by next-generation sequencin

Einfluss der Klimabedingungen auf morphologische Merkmale der Ölbehälter und auf die Zusammensetzung des ätherischen Öls von vier Origanum vulgare Subspezies

Vier Origanum vulgare Subspezies wurden in einem Gefäßversuch unter zwei Mikroklimabedingungen bei unterschiedlicher Lichtintensität kultiviert. Es wurden die morphologischen Merkmale von Drüsentrichomen sowie die Zusammensetzung des ätherischen Öls untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Dichte und der Durchmesser von Drüsentrichomen sowie die Zusammensetzung des ätherischen Öls zwischen den verschiedenen Subspezies deutlich variierten. Eine erhöhte Lichtintensität steigerte den Durchmesser der Drüsentrichome, während der Biomasse-Ertrag sowie die Pflanzenhöhe und die Blattfläche reduziert waren. Stichwörter: Origanum vulgare, Drüsentrichome, ätherisches Öl, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, LichtMicroclimate effects on morphological characteristics of glandular trichomes and essential oil of four Origanum vulgare subspeciesFour Origanum vulgare subspecies were cultivated in a pot experiment under two microclimate conditions with different light intensity. The morphological characteristics of glandular trichomes and their essential oil composition were evaluated. It was found that the density and diameter of glandular trichomes and their essential oil composition varied among different subspecies. An increased light intensity led to increased diameters of glandular trichomes, but decreased plant fresh material, plant height and leaf area. Keywords: Origanum vulgare, glandular trichomes, essential oil, scanning electron microscopy, ligh

Know your enemy: Are biochemical substances the secret weapon of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in the fierce competition with crops and native weeds?

Entsprechend der „Novel Weapon“-Hypothese, kann der Invasionserfolg von nicht-heimischen Arten wie Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) auf einen Verlust von natürlichen Konkurrenten zurückzuführen sein. Grund für diesen Verlust sind chemische Verbindungen, die die gebietsfremde Art erzeugt und die heimische Arten aufgrund fehlender Koevolution negativ beeinträchtigen. Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Gattung Ambrosia unterschiedliche organische Verbindungen produziert, von denen sehr viele ein breites Spektrum an biologischer Aktivität zeigen, weshalb diese chemischen Verbindungen ein wichtiger Grund für den Invasionserfolg und die Konkurrenzkraft der Pflanze sein können. Um 1) das chemische Profil der oberirdischen Biomasse offenzulegen, wurden vier verschiedene Extrakte (wässriger Extrakt, Hexan-Extrakt, Methanol-Extrakt und ätherisches Öl) hergestellt und auf ihre Inhaltsstoffe analysiert. Im nächsten Schritt wurde ein Laborexperiment durchgeführt, dass Aufschluss darüber geben sollte 2) welche Effekte unterschiedliche Konzentrationen dieser Extrakte auf Keimung und Jungpflanzenentwicklung von drei verschiedenen Kulturpflanzen (Sojabohne, Weizen und Raps), drei heimischen Unkrautarten (Chenopodium album, Senecio vulgaris und Arabidopsis thaliana) sowie auf Ragweed selbst, haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, eine deutliche Beeinträchtigung von Keimung und Entwicklung aller getesteten Pflanzenarten. Obwohl keiner der Extrakte eine direkte Wirkung auf die Keimfähigkeit der Kulturpflanzen hatte, konnte eine deutliche Wachstumsreduktion von Wurzel und Spross bei allen Nutzpflanzen festgestellt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu, konnte man bei den heimischen Unkrautarten und Ragweed selbst eine deutlich verminderte Keimfähigkeit sowie Wachstumshemmung speziell bei der Behandlung mit ätherischem Öl und dem wässrigen Extrakt beobachten.Following the “novel weapon hypothesis”, the invasiveness of non-native species like common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) can result from a loss of natural competitors due to the production of chemical compounds by the non-native species that unfavorably affect native communities. In this case, native plants may not be able to tolerate compounds released by a non-native plant that has not co-evolved in the same environment. Particularly the genus Ambrosia produces several types of organic compounds, which have a broad spectrum of biological activities and which could be major drivers in the successful invasion and competition process of common ragweed. To 1) asses the chemical profile of the aboveground biomass of common ragweed four different extracts (H2O, hexane extract, methanol extract and essential oil) were prepared and analysed for their content substances. In the next step a laboratory experiment was implemented to 2) determine the effects of different concentrations of these substances on germination and seedling development of three different crops (soybean, wheat, and rapeseed), native weedy species (Chenopodium album, Senecio vulgaris and Arabidopsis thaliana) and on common ragweed itself. Results showed that germination as well as seedling development was significantly influenced by the chemical compounds in the extracts. Even though the extracts did not affect the germination capacity of crops, severe reduction in root and shoot growth were observed with all three tested crops. The highest inhibitory effect on germination of native weedy species as well as common ragweed was observed with essential oil and the aqueous extract

Inverter design for future electrified aircraft propulsion systems under consideration of wear-out failure and random failure

To reduce the wear-out effect and minimize the Single Event Burnout effect of the power semiconductor, several hardware design rules for inverters in electric aircraft propulsion systems are posed and implemented in this work. These strategies include scalable chip area and derated DC-link voltage. It is observed in a short-range reference aircraft case study that these rules could result in a conflict of objectives: reducing the risk of wear-out failure while simultaneously minimizing the risk of random failure. Therefore, it is recommended to consider random failures, wear-out failures, and their mutual impacts in a comprehensive analysis of system reliability. A reliability-oriented design rule is proposed in this work

BFORE: The B-mode Foreground Experiment

The B-mode Foreground Experiment (BFORE) is a proposed NASA balloon project designed to make optimal use of the sub-orbital platform by concentrating on three dust foreground bands (270, 350, and 600 GHz) that complement ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) programs. BFORE will survey ~1/4 of the sky with 1.7 - 3.7 arcminute resolution, enabling precise characterization of the Galactic dust that now limits constraints on inflation from CMB B-mode polarization measurements. In addition, BFORE's combination of frequency coverage, large survey area, and angular resolution enables science far beyond the critical goal of measuring foregrounds. BFORE will constrain the velocities of thousands of galaxy clusters, provide a new window on the cosmic infrared background, and probe magnetic fields in the interstellar medium. We review the BFORE science case, timeline, and instrument design, which is based on a compact off-axis telescope coupled to >10,000 superconducting detectors.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, conference proceedings published in Journal of Low Temperature Physic